Effect of Tillage Systems and Water Stress on Growth and Yield of Wheat

Document Type : Research Article

Authors

Shiraz University

Abstract

Conservation tillage has been generally confirmed to improve water use efficiency, crop yield, and economic benefit. In order to evaluate the effect of tillage systems and water stress on growth and yield of wheat, a field experiment was conducted during in 2012 growing season as split plot arranged in randomized complete blocks design with four replications. The main plot includes different tillage systems (no tillage, conventional tillage and reduced tillage) and sub-plot, includes water stress at different growth stages {normal irrigation or control, cutting irrigation from stem elongation stage (severe stress), ear emergence (moderate stress) and grain filling (mild stress)}, respectively. The results showed that the most grain yield (6.91ton ha-1)was obtained in conventional tillage and control treatment (normal irrigation) with no significant differences with reduced tillage systems and normal irrigation (6.87 ton ha-1, while that conservation tillage was used less(32.4%) water compared conventional tillage. In general, water stress at different growth stages significantly decreased seed yield., Cutting irrigation at stem elongation, ear emergence and grain filling stages reduced yield 55.77%, 30.35% and 23.88% compared to control, respectively.Therefore, reduced tillage system is recommended for the region with consuming lesswater and seed yield equal conventional tillage.

Keywords


1- امام، ی. 1390. زراعت غلات (چاپ چهارم). انتشارات دانشگاه شیراز. 190ص.
2- امام، ی. و م. ج. ثقه الاسالمی. 1384. عملکرد گیاهان زراعی، فیزیولوژی و فرایند ها (ترجمه). انتشارات دانشگاه شیراز. 593 صفحه.
3- امام، ی.، م. خردنام، م. ج. بحرانی، م. ت. آساد و ح. غدیری. 1379. تاثیر نحوه مدیریت بقایای گیاهی بر عملکرد دانه و اجزای آن در کشت مداوم گندم آبی. مجله علوم کشاورزی ایران. 31: 839-850.
4- بحرانی، م. ج. 1375. مدیریت بقایای گیاهی در سیستم های کشت آبی. پنجمین کنگره زراعت و اصلاح نباتات ایران، موسسه اصلاح و تهیه نهال بذر، کرج. صفحه1.
5- Adiku, S. G. K., Lafontaine H. O., and Bajazet T. 2001. Patterns of root growth and water uptake of a maize cowpea mixture grown under greenhouse conditions. Plant and Soil. 235: 85-94.
6- Alijani, K., Bahrani M. J., and Kazemeini S .A. 2012. Short-term responses of soil and wheat yield to tillage, corn residue management and nitrogen fertilization. Soil and Tillage Research. 124: 78–82.
7- Bahrani M. J., Raufat M. H., and Ghadiri H. 2007. Influence of wheat residue management on irrigation corn grain production in reduced tillage system. Soil and Tillage Research. 94: 305-309.
8- Bingru H., and Hongwen G. 2000. Root physical. Characteristics associated with drought resistance in tall fescue cultivars. Crop Science. 40:196-203.
9- Bray, E.A. 1997. Plant responses to water deficit. Crop Physical Abstract. 23: 391-612.
10- Burgess M. M., Mehuys G. R., and Madramootoo C. A. 1996. Tillage and crop residue effects on corn production in Quebec. Agronomy Journal. 88: 792-797.
11- Camara K. W., Payne M. A., and Rasmussen P. E. 2003. Long-term effects of tillage, nitrogen, and rainfall on winter wheat yield in the Pacific Northwest. Agronomy Journal. 95: 828-835.
12- Dang S.P., and Tabatabai M.A. 1997. Effect of tillage and residue management on enzyme activities in soil phosphates and aryl sulfatase. Biology and Fertility of Soils. 24: 141-146.
13- Dick W. A., McCoy E. L., Edvards W. M., and Lal R. 1991. Continuous application of no-tillage to Ohio soils. Agronomy Journal. 83: 65-73.
14- Dupreez C.C., Steyn J.T., and Kotze E. 2001. Long-term effects of wheat residue management on some fertility indicators of a semi-arid plinthosol. Soil and Tillage Research. 63: 25-33
15- English M.J., and Raja S.N. 1996. Review perspectives on deficit irrigation. Agricultural Water Management. 32: 1-14.
16- Fabrizzi K.P., Gracia F.O., Costa J. L., and Picone L.I. 2005. Soil water dynamics, physical properties and corn and wheat responses to minimum and no-tillage systems in the southern pampas of Argentina. Soil and Tillage Research. 81: 57-69.
17- Farahani H.J., Peterson G.A., and Westfall D.G. 1998. Dryland cropping intensification: A fundamental solution to efficient use of precipitation. Advance Agronomy.64:197-223.
18- Foulkes M.J., Scott R.K., and Bradley S. 2007. The ability of wheat cultivars to withstand drought in UK conditions: formation of grain yield. Journal of Agricultural Science. 138: 153–169.
19- Gao H.W., Li W.Y., and Li H.W. 2003. Conservation tillage technology with Chinese characteristics. Transactions CSAE. 19:1-4
20- Gebbing T., Schnyder, H., and Kuhbauch W. 1999. The utilization of pre-anthesis reserves in grain filling of wheat. Plant Cell and Environment. 22: 851-858.
21- Halverson A.D., and Peterson G. A. 2002. Tillage system and crop rotation effects on dry land crops yields and soil carbon in central Great Plains. Agronomy Journal. 94: 1429-1436.
22- Hayhoe H. N., Dwyer L. M., Balchin L. M., and Culley J. L. B. 1993. Tillage effects on corn emergence rates. Soil & Tillage Research. 26: 45-53.
23- HemmatA., and Eskandari I. 2006. Dry land winter wheat response to conservation tillage in a continuous cropping system in northwestern Iran. Soil Tillage Research. 86: 99-109.
24- Hooker M. L., Herron G. M., and Pena P. S. 1982. Effects of residue burning removal, and incorporation on irrigated cereal crops yields and chemical properties. Soil Science. 46: 122-126.
25- Jin H., Qingjie W., Hongwen L., Lijin L., and Huanwen G. 2009. Effect of alternative tillage and residue cover on yield and water use efficiency in annual double cropping system in North China Plain. Soil and Tillage Research .104:198-205
26- Kasper T.C., Erback D.C., and Cruse R.M. 1990. Corn response to seed row residue removal. Soil Science Society of America Journal. 54: 1112–1117.
27- Kirigwi F.M., Ginkel Van, M., Trethowan R., Sears R.G., Rajaram S., and Aulsen G.M. 2004. Evaluation of selection strategies for wheat adaptation across water regimes. Euphytica. 135: 361–371.
28- Kumar K., and Goh K. M. 2000. Crop residue and management practices: effects on soil quality, soil nitrogen dynamics, crop yield and nitrogen recovery. Advances in Agronomy. 68: 197-319.
29- Lal R. 1997. Residue management, conservation tillage and soil restorationfor mitigating greenhouse effect by CO2- enrichment. Soil and Tillage Research. 43: 81–107.
30- Liao YC., Han SM. and Wen XX. 2002. Soil water content and crop yield effects of mechanized conservation tillage-cultivation system for dryland winter wheat in the Loess tableland. Transaction CSAE. 4:68-71.
31- Lopez R.J., Lopez L., Lopez F.J., and Castillo E.J. 2003. Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) response with wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under rainfed Mediterranean conditions. Agronomy Journal. 95: 1253-1261.
32- Luigi C., Rizza F., Farnaz B., Mazzucotelli E., Mastrangelo A.M., Francia E., Mare, Alessandro T., and Stanca M.A. 2008. Drought tolerance improvement in crop plant: Integrated view from breeding to genomics. Field Crops Research. 105: 1-14.
33- Mrabet R. 2000. Differential response of wheat to tillage management systems in a semiarid area of Morocco. Field Crops Research. 66: 165-174.
34- Nesmith D. S., and Ritchie G. T. 1992. Short and long-term response of corn to a per-anthesis soil water deficit. Agronomy Journal. 84: 107-113.
35- Norwood C. A. 2000. Dryland winter wheat as affected by previous crops. Agronomy Journal. 92, 121-127.
36- Pryor R. 2006. Switching to No-Till Can Save Irrigation Water. Univ Nebraska-Lincoln Ext Pub EC196-3. www. ianrpubs. unl. Edu /epublic /live / ec196/ build/ec196-3.pdf.
37- Pessarakli M. 2001. Handbook of plant and crop physiology. 2nd Ed. Marcel Dekker, Inc. New York. 997 pp.
38- Pireivatlou A.S., Masjedlou B.D., and Aliyev R.T. 2010. Evaluation of yield potential and stress adaptive trait in wheat genotypes under postanthesis drought stress conditions. African Journal of Agricultural Research. 5: 2829-2836.
39- Rajjala A., Hakala K., Makela P., Muurinen S., and Peltonen-Sainio P. 2009. Spring wheat response to timing of water deficit through sink and grain filling capacity. Field Crops Research. 114: 263–271.
40- Raoufat M.H., and Mahmoodieh R.A. 2005. Stand establishment responses of maize to seedbed residue, seed drill coulters and primary tillage systems. Biosystems Engineering. 90: 261–269.
41- Rieger S., Richner W., Streit B., Frossard E., and Liedgens M. 2008. Growth, yield and yield components of winter wheat and the effects of tillage intensity, preceding crops, and N fertilization. European Journal of Agronomy. 28: 405-411.
42- Royo C., Abaza M., Blanco R., and Garc´ıadel Moral L. F. 2000. Triticale grain growth and morphometry as affected by drought stress, late sowing and simulated drought stress. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology. 27: 1051-1059.
43- Siani H.S., and Aspinall D. 1981. Effects of water deficit on sporogensis in wheat. Annals of Botany. 43: 623-633.
44- Singh H. P., Batish D. R., and Kohli R. K. 2003. Allelopathic in interaction and allelochemicals: new possibilities or sustainable weed management. Critical Reviews in Plant Science. 22: 239-311.
45- Shuang L., Xing Y. Z., Jingyi Y., and Craig F. D.2013. Effect of conservation and conventional tillage on soil water storage, water use efficiency and productivity of corn and soybean in Northeast China. Soil and Plant Science .63(5.(383-394.
46- Sio-Se Mardeh A., Ahmadi A., Poustini K., and Mohammadi V. 2006. Evaluation of drought resistance indices under various environmental conditions. Field Crops Research. 98: 222–229.
47- Van Doren D.M., Triplet J.R., and Henry J. E. 1976. Influence of long term tillage, crop rotation and soil type combination on corn yield. Soil Science Society of America Journal. 40: 100-105.
48- Wang Z. M., Wei A. L., and Zheng D. M. 2001. Photosynthetic characteristic of non-leaf organs of winter wheat cultivar differing in ear type and their relationship with grain mass per ear. Photosynthetic. 39: 239-244.
49- Wiatrak P. J., Wright D. L., and Marois J.J. 2006. The impact of tillage and residual nitrogen on wheat. Soil and Tillage Research. 91: 150-156.
CAPTCHA Image