Effect of Seed Priming, Sowing methods and Bio-fertilizers on Yield and Yield Components of Seedy Watermelon (Citrullus Lanatus)
M
Zarandi
Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
author
M
Khajeh Hosseini
Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
author
A
Mohammadabadi
Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
author
text
article
2017
per
Introduction
Watermelon (Citrullus Lanatus) is one of the most important fresh fruits in Iran particularly during summer. After China, in terms of production and cultivation area, Iran placed second in the world. Research conducted in different regions (especially in arid and semi-arid regions, like Iran) indicated that poor germination and establishment of seedlings in the field causes low yield, particularly in vegetables. Seed priming, (to increase the percentage and rate of germination) and transplanting to increase plant establishment and use of bio-fertilizers to increase food availability during the growing season are inevitable to transfer to ecological agriculture. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the effect of seeds osmopriming, transplanting and bio-fertilizers on watermelon grain yield.
Materials and Methods
This experiment was conducted at split plot based on complete block design with three replications in the Laboratory, Greenhouse and the Farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad in 2013. First factor was seed priming in two levels (unprimed and primed), the second factor was transplanting in two levels (direct sowing and transplantation) and the third factor was bio-fertilizers containing pseudomonas and Azotobacter in two levels (non bio-fertilizers and bio-fertilizers). Leaf area index (LAI), number of fruits per plant, number of seeds per fruit, 1000 seed weight, grain yield and total dry matter were determined.
Results and Discussion
Transplants produced using osmoprimed seeds that had been sprayed with bio-fertilizers on the field (T2P2K2) had higher LAI than the other treatments (Table 3). Bio-fertilizers in both transplanting and direct sowing produced more LAI, but osmopriming of seeds with PEG 6000 had little impact on LAI (Table 3). LAI is one of the growth parameters which had a great effect to achieve maximum yield that needs to be at higher level before flowering. Izadkhah et al. (2010) and Ghiasabadi (2012) reported that onion and corn leaf area and LAI 50 days after transplanting were higher than the direct sowing According to the results, osmoprimed seeds of watermelon, transplanting and bio-fertilizers and interactions of bio-fertilizers with osmopriming treatment had significant effect on the number of fruits per plant (Table 2). Osmopriming of seeds increased (8%) the number of fruits per plant compared to the control (unprimed seeds) (Table 4). The number of fruits per plant with grain yield (r= 0.63**) and total dry matter (r= 0.71**) had a significant correlation. Mature plants resulted from transplanting produced 2.9 fruits per plant, compared to direct sowing, with 2.5 fruits per plant (Table 4). Rahnama and Bakhshande (2005) reported that oilseed rape transplants produced higher numbers of pods per plant in compare with direct sowing. Primed seeds with application of bio-fertilizers caused an increase in the number of fruits per plant. Fertilizer treatments in the primed seeds, with 3.5 fruits, and primed seeds without fertilizer treatment, with 2.2 of fruits per plant, had the highest and lowest fruits per plant, respectively (table 5). Seed yield per plant is one of the most important economic indexes. The results showed that the effect of osmo-priming (at %5 level), transplanting, fertilizers and bio (at 1% level) and the triple interactions on grain yield (at 5% level) were significant (Table 2). As the results, osmo-priming of seeds, transplanting and fertilizer were superior compared to control treatments (table 4). In this study osmopriming, transplanting and bio-fertilizers increased grain yield up to 13%, 23% and 65%, respectively (Table 4).
Conclusions
Resowing generally is one of the major problems of farmers in direct sowing of seedy watermelon due to poor germinability and establishment, sowing at heavy soil, low rainfall, irrigation water shortages conditions or lack of ability to absorb water and fertilizers. Osmopriming with saving inputs will lead to an early and ultimately increase performance. To face this, transplanting using primed seeds alongside of application of organic fertilizers is recommended.
Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research
Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
2008-1472
15
v.
4
no.
2017
721
734
https://jcesc.um.ac.ir/article_38024_bc8e752d98e32afef42a121ef08e2df7.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22067/gsc.v15i4.36213
Effects of Pretreatment with Salicylic Acid on Growth and Nutrient Uptake of Sesame Seedlings under Salt Stress
H
Safari
Vali-E-Asr University
author
Sh
Madah Hossieni
Vali-E-Asr University
author
A
Azari
Vali-E-Asr University
author
M
Heshmati Rafsanjani
Vali-E-Asr University
author
text
article
2017
per
Introduction
Salinity stress is regarded as one of the most important abiotic factors limiting plant growth and agricultural products, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions. Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is an important oilseed crop rated moderately salt tolerant and capable of producing profitable crops in saline conditions. Germination and seedling establishment are critical stages in the life cycle of plants especially under stress conditions. Different methodologies have been adopted by plant physiologists in different crops to alleviate salt stress. Seed priming has proven beneficial in this regard in many important agricultural crops. Salicylic acid is one of the physiological processes regulators that it increases resistant of plants to environmental stresses such as salinity stress.
Materials and Methods
To evaluate the effect of different levels of salinity and seed pretreatment with salicylic acid (SA), on some growth indices and nutrient uptake of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) seedling, a factorial experiment with completely randomized design and four replicates was conducted in Department of Agronomy, Rafsanjan University of Vali-e- Asr. Factors were seed pretreatment with three levels including, distilled water, 1 mM salicylic acid and 2.5 Mm salicylic acid and salinity at three levels: control (Hoagland standard solution, 2.5 dS.m-1), 6 and 9 dS.m-1. A dry seed treatment (no pretreatment) was also added and considered as control.
Results and Discussion
Results showed that at 9 dS/m-1both SA concentrations caused significant increase in emergence percentage compared to dry seed and distilled water. Plant leaf area and SPAD values decreased along with salinity in dry seed and distilled water, nevertheless, at 2.5 mM SA, values were not significantly different between 6 and 9 dS.m-1. On the other hand, SA seed pretreatment decreased shoot Na and increased K content, although shoot Mg and P contents were the highest at 1 and 2.5 mM SA, respectively. The effects of SA pretreatment on shoot dry mass was not clear. The highest shoot, root and seedling dry weights were observed at control salinity in dry seed, distilled water and 2.5 mM SA and decreased with salinity level. Seedling dry weight was not significantly lower than control only in 1 mM SA and 9 dS.m-1 salinity.
Conclusions
Generally, in this experiment ameliorative effects of SA pretreatment were more pronounced on seedling survival and some nutrient uptake.
Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research
Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
2008-1472
15
v.
4
no.
2017
735
746
https://jcesc.um.ac.ir/article_38027_032efa612df8b1d52f8f10962137b32c.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22067/gsc.v15i4.38712
Growth Analysis of Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum- graecum L.) under Various Levels of Nitrogen and Plant Density
L
Bazrkar-Khatibani
Zabol University
author
B. A
Fakheri
Zabol University
author
text
article
2017
per
Introduction
Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) is a specific condiment crop mostly grown for its edible parts, and is used as a green fodder and fresh vegetable. The seeds have medicinal value solely against digestive disorders, whereas its leaves are rich source of minerals and nutrients. The growth and yield of fenugreek is particularly affected by the application of nitrogen fertilizer and planting arrangement. Plant growth is a process of biomass accumulation which in turn is derived out of the interaction of the respiration, photosynthesis, water relations, long-distance transport, and mineral nutrition processes. Growth is the most important process in predicting plant reactions to environment. Irradiance, temperature, soil-water potential, nutrient supply and enhanced concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide are among some external components influencing crop growth and development. Growth analysis is a useful tool in studying the complex interactions between plant growth and the environment, clarifying and interpreting physiological responses. Plants total dry matter (TDM) production and accumulation can be appraised via relative growth rate (RGR) and crop growth rate (CGR) which are the most important growth indices. Leaf area index (LAI) is a factor of crop growth analysis that accounts for the potential of the crop to assimilate light energy and is a determinant component in understanding the function of many crop management practices.
Materials and Methods
A field investigation was conducted in a paddy field at Shaft County (Guilan Province) for eight consecutive months (from November 2009 to June 2010), to study the effect of four levels of nitrogen fertilizer (0, 25, 50 and 75 Kg N ha-1) and four levels of planting density (60, 80,100, and 120 plants m-2) on the growth indices of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum L.) crop. The soil for the experiment was loam in texture and strongly acidic in reaction (pH 4.5). Sixteen treatment combinations, keeping nitrogen levels in main plots and levels of planting density in sub-plots, were replicated four times in a split-plot experiment on the basis of randomized complete block design (RCBD). Hand-sowing was done in lines (30 cm apart) as per experimental treatment. Weeds were controlled regularly during the whole study. All other recommend management practices were followed.Observations on leaf area and dry matter accumulation were recorded from all subplots (6 plants per subplot) with 15 day intervals up to crop maturity, initiating at 42 days after planting. Harvested plants were separated into remaining leaves, pods, and stems in the crown. The fresh weight of each sample was determined and the green leaf area of the remaining leaves was also measured immediately after harvest using a LI-3100 area meter (LI-COR, Lincoln, NB, USA). Shoot tissues were then oven-dried at 75°C for 24-48 h and dry weighs were calculated. STATGRAPH software was employed to find the best mathematical model to describe the relationship between total dry matter (TDM) accumulation, leaf area index (LAI), crop growth rate (CGR), relative growth rate (RGR) and growing degree-days (GDD).
Results and Discussion
Result indicated that the physiological indices were wholly influenced by applied treatments. The highest leaf area index was recorded in plots containing 120 plantsm-2 while receiving 50 kg pure N ha-1. Combined treatments of 120 plants m-2× 75 kg N ha-1 and 80 plants m-2× 50kg N ha-1 resulted in highest TDM and RGR rates, respectively. In all the applied interactions, among the podding and fully ripened pod stages, the CGR reached to its maximum rate (peak point) at around 1043 GDD from sowing and almost had a steady and linear trend which then slowly declined down turn to reach zero value at about 1400 GDD and thereafter to negative values. CGR was the highest in combined treatment of 120 plants m-2× 75 kg as compared to other nitrogen levels in this plant population.
Conclusions
Result showed that the physiological indices were all were affected by applied treatments. The highest leaf area index was recorded in plots containing 120 plants m-2 while receiving 50 kg N ha-1. Combined treatments of 120 plants m-2× 75 kg N ha-1 and 80 plants m-2× 50 kg N ha-1 resulted in highest DMW and CGR rates, respectively. RGR was the highest in combined treatment of 120 plantsm-2× 75 kg as compared to other nitrogen levels in this plant population after receiving 294.3 GDD.
Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research
Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
2008-1472
15
v.
4
no.
2017
747
760
https://jcesc.um.ac.ir/article_38029_64673eabb3a179387161a8139a8c001a.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22067/gsc.v15i4.39505
Evaluation of Growth Indices of Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) Affected by Density and Time of Emergence Pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.)
M
Asadi
Islamic Azad University of Shiraz Branch
author
A
Yadavi
University of Yasouj
author
M
Azimi Gandomani
Payamenoor University (PNU), Tehran
author
text
article
2017
per
Introduction
Weed is one of limiting factors in potato production.Weed management systems require comprehensive and accurate data on behavior of weeds and their impacts on the farming systems. Pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) is third dicotyledonous weeds in the world that due to photosynthetic pathway of C4 and indeterminate, in high temperature and high light intensity conditions particularly in the fields of summer crops such as corn (Zea mays L.) and sunflower (Helianthus annus L.) shows more competitive. Weed density is the most important factor affecting on crop by weed competition and defines part of the decline in crop by weed competition. The emergence time of weed and competition period with crop are two important aspects that are often considered in competitive studies. Quantitative analysis of growth is a method for interpretation of plant response to environmental conditions that plant is encountered during its life. Plant growth analysis can be used as a factor to illustrate the competitiveness of the crop and weeds. Growth indices such as dry matter accumulation, crop growth rate (CGR), net assimilation rate (NAR), and leaf area index (LAI) have been used for assessing the effects of weed competition on crop yield. The aim of this study was the evaluation of growth indices of potato affected by density and time of emergence pigweed.
Materials and Methods
The experiment was conducted as a factorial based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) with two factors and three replications at the experimental station of Borujen city in Charmahal and Bakhtiari province, Iran. Treatments were included a combination of pigweed density (5, 10, 15 pigweed plants m-1) and time of emergence pigweed (four and eight days before potato emergence, coincided with the potato emergence, and four days after potato emergence). Pigweed evaluated traits were included as plant height, and total dry weight as well as potato evaluated traits were included as LAI, total dry matter (TDM), (CGR), relative growth rate (RGR), and tuber yield. Plot size was 15 m2 with four lines of 60 cm. Potato cv. was Bourne which is an early ripening cultivar was planted at 10 April. Irrigation was performed based on requirement of the plants, temperature and environmental conditions in 7 to 9 days. Potato tuber harvested at 20 June. Data were analyzed by SAS software and the mean data were compared according to least significant difference (LSD) Test at 5% probability level.
Results and Discussion
Results showed that the relative time of emergence and Pigweed plant density were significant on plant height and TDM of pigweed. Pigweed plant height and dry weight decreased, when pigweed emergence was later than potato. Pigweed plant height and TDM increased with increasing density of pigweed. Their interaction was significant only for potato tuber yield. Earlier relative emergence and increasing density of pigweed was reduced potato tuber yield. Five pigweed per m-2 at emergence of four days after potato and 15 pigweed per m-2 at emergence of eight days before potato had the highest (39800 kg ha-1) and the lowest (18400 kg ha-1) tuber yield, respectively. Also low density of pigweed in treatment of emergence at eight days before potato was caused more economic losses. Whatever emergence of weed delayed, more number of weed plants is needed to economic losses causes. Therefore emergence of weeds is important equally that weed density is important and should pay attention to the fact in Weed management. In general, the results showed that the pigweed can damage to potato production because its height is higher than potato and it also is C4, when relative appearance is earlier can be strong competitor to absorb light even in the less dense. Previous researches about crop-weed competition for light, have revealed that higher plant with lower LAI could overcome the plants with lower height and higher LAI. These findings showed that plant height have a main role in competition and height is one of the determinant factors for light competition.Therefore, it seems that pigweed which has this feature by itself, is a strong competitor for potato plant. This study concluded that because of that pigweed is C4 and its plant height is more than potato, so pigweed is superior competitor for light even in lower population.
Conclusions
Generally, according to the results it can be concluded that the relative earlier rise and increasing pigweed density through height gain and dry matter further, reduced tuber yield of potato. Furthermore, pigweed, due to a higher height than the potato as well as its C4 the if a relative early rise occurs, even at low density for absorb light, is still a strong competitor and can cause heavy damage to potato production. The relative earlier rise of this weed in potato fields can reduce the potato yield. After amaranth weed control in potato farming is very important and should be done as soon as possible.
Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research
Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
2008-1472
15
v.
4
no.
2017
761
775
https://jcesc.um.ac.ir/article_38031_92f64c56cebe437252ad96698a636ffc.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22067/gsc.v15i4.41505
Effect of Nutritional Management on Yield and Yield Components of Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa) as a Medicinal Plant in Mashhad Condition
P
Rezvani Moghaddam
Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
author
Gh
Asadi
Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
author
M
Aghavani Shajari
Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
author
F
Ranjbar
Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
author
R
Shahriari
Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
author
text
article
2017
per
Introduction
Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa) is an annual plant with a height of about 64 to 429 cm belongs to Malvaceae family. Roselle is self-pollinated and sensitive to cold. Sepals of Roselle are used in food and pharmaceutical industries. It has been reported that Roselle is not native to Iran but it is cultivated extensively in Sistan and Baluchistan province, Iran. In order to achieve high quality and quantity yield of Roselle sepal it is necessary to improve nutritional systems of plant. Proper management of soil fertility and plant nutrition can preserve environment, improve biodiversity and also increase inputs efficiency. Results showed that use of nutritional resources will improve plant growth. Organic fertilizers such as compost can improve soil fertility as an important source of food that increase yield of plants. Nabila and Aly (2002) observed that use of hen and cow manure increased plant height, number of lateral branches, numbers of fruit and sepal yield of Roselle. Each plant species has the maximum potential in favorable conditions. Therefore, evaluation the effect of climatic and agronomic factors and nutritional management for plants is essential. This experiment was conducted to evaluate the yield and yield components of Roselle in response to use of single and combined nutritional resources.
Materials and Methods
In order to study the effects of single and combined organic, biological and chemical fertilizers on yield and yield components of Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa), a field experiment was conducted with 12 treatments based on a Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications at Research Station, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran, in 2013-2014. Treatments included: 1- mycorrhiza (Glomus intraradices), 2- cow manure, 3- chemical fertilizer, 4- vermicompost, 5- chemical fertilizer + cow manure, 6- chemical fertilizer + vermicompost, 7- chemical fertilizer + mycorrhiza, 8- cow manure + mycorrhiza, 9- vermicompost + mycorrhiza, 10- cow manure + vermicompost + mycorrhiza, 11- control. Roselle seeds were planted in seedling trays at greenhouse in mid-March 2014. Then seedlings transferred to field in last April 2014. The distance between rows and plants were 75 and 25 cm, respectively. Chemical fertilizer (200 kg ha-1), vermicompost (8 ton ha-1) and cow manure (32 ton ha-1) were put at the depth of 30 cm soil. Along with the cultivation Glomusintraradice was used 30 g per seedling. Roselle was harvested in mid-October before the arrival of the first winter cold in Mashhad. Statistical analysis of the data was performed by using of Minitab Ver.16. Also, means comparison were compared by Duncan multiple range test at 5% probability level.
Results and Discussion
The results indicated significant effect of treatments on most of the traits of Roselle. The maximum plant height (138 cm) was obtained in chemical fertilizer + cow manure. The combined use of fertilizers increased plant height by 9% compared with using of single it. Results showed that the maximum height was observed by combined using of organic and chemical fertilizers. The highest sepal yield was observed in mycorrhiza (854.1 kg ha-1) and then chemical fertilizer + cow manure (791.6 kg ha-1) and the lowest sepal fresh weight and yield (3202.1 and 420.8 kg ha-1, respectively) were obtained in cow manure treatment. Combined use of fertilizer improved sepal yield 11% compared with using of single it. Researchers concluded that combined use of fertilizers by creating a stimulatory effect on the balance of elements in the soil can be improved growth of plants. Also, the maximum amount of biological yield was obtained in vermicompost + mycorrhiza (10482.9 kg ha-1) and then chemical fertilizer + cow manure (9887.2 kg ha-1). Several studies showed that the combined application of manure and chemical fertilizers by improving soil physical properties and increasing the availability of nutrients, improve the efficiency of nutrient uptake and yield of plants.
Conclusions
Generally, combined application of organic and chemical fertilizers through improvement of growth indices, increased quantity yield of Roselle compared with single application. As well as, transplanting of this plant had a positive effect on sepal and biological yield. Therefore, with the advent of early winter cold in Mashhad, recommended that Roselle cultivated three month earlier as transplanting in the greenhouse.
Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research
Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
2008-1472
15
v.
4
no.
2017
776
785
https://jcesc.um.ac.ir/article_38035_84a1c19a569d20d99b0e3c0264c2ea38.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22067/gsc.v15i4.50956
Assessment of Paclobutrazol’s Time and Concentration of Foliar Application on Production and Germination of Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) Mini-tube
B
Saadatian
Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
author
M
Kafi
Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
author
M
Bannayan Aval
Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
author
J
Nabati
Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
author
text
article
2017
per
Introduction
Health and quality of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) seeds are important in the potato seed production technology. Moreover, the basic seed materials must be free of pathogens. Therefore tissue culture techniques are used at this stage in the laboratory to produce disease free seeds. Mini-tubers can be produced after acclimatization from plantlets as tissue culture which are planted at high densities in the greenhouse in beds or containers using different substrate mixtures, or even in hydroponic culture. Foliar application of growth regulators is a way to increase potato mini-tuber production. Growth regulators influence on potato mini-tuber dormancy. Triazoles, a family which Paclobutrazol belongs to them, have both fungitoxic and plant growth regulatory effects. In addition, they can also protect plants against various stresses. Therefore, the triazoles have been characterized as plant multi-protestants. Paclobutrazol changes the relationship between source and sink and by this way, affects plant production. Also, it can inhibit giberellic acid biosynthesis. Some morphological changes observed in paclobutrazol-treated plants include the inhibition of plant growth, decreased inter-nodal elongation and increased root to shoot ratios. Time of paclobutrazol foliar application is an important factor which changes plant characters (Lim et al., 2004). This study implemented to evaluate foliar application of paclobutrazol concentrations at different time on production and mini-tuber dormancy.
Materials and Methods
The factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with four replications was conducted at the faculty of agriculture’s research greenhouse, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran, in 2013. Plantlets of Agria cv. produced from nodal tissue culture in Murashinge and Skoog (MS) medium. After 25 days, plantlets of free disease and uniform exported to plastic pots with 12 cm diameter and 30 cm height. Perlite, cocopite and sand with 3:3:4 ratios, formed the substrate. Potato plantlets were fed with corrected Hoagland solution. Treatments were foliar application of paclobutrazol at two growth stages (stolen initiation and tuber initiation) and six concentrations (control, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 mg l-1). Foliar application of mentioned concentrations implemented in the final hours of day. After 95 days from transplanting, number of mini-tuber in plant, mini-tuber length, mini-tuber diameter and mean of mini-tuber weight were measured. Then, mini-tubers saved to fridge with 8±2ºC and 10% relative humidity. Two months later, mini-tuber’s germination was measured. Finally, time of achievement to 5, 10, 50, 90 and 95 germination percentage was measured with Germin program. Beside that, rate of germination was calculated with equation 1:
(1)
R50 and D50: rate of germination (1/h) and time of achievement to 50% germination, respectively.
Analysis of variance and correlation between trials was done with SAS 9.1 Software. Means comparison measured with least significant difference test (LSD) at 5% probability level.
Results and Discussion
The main effects and interactions of paclobutrazol foliar application and growth stages, on number of mini-tuber in plant, mini-tuber length, mini-tuber diameter, mean of mini-tuber weight and time of achievement to 5, 10, 50, 90 and 95 germination percentage trials were significant. But interaction between foliar application and growth stages was not significant at germination rate trial. The effect of foliar application on maintained trials in tuber initiation stage was lower than stolen initiation. Increase in paclobutrazol concentration increased mini-tuber dormancy and reduced germination rate. Paclobutrazol application in tuber initiation stage had more inhibition on mini-tuber germination. With increase in paclobotrazol concentration, time of achievement to 5, 10, 50, 90 and 95% germination were 11, 13, 17, 19 and 17% in comparison between foliar application growth stages (tuber initiation compared to stolen initiation).Significant negative correlation obtained between number of mini-tuber in plant, mini-tuber length, mini-tuber diameter, mean of mini-tuber weight trials with time of achievement to 5, 10, 50, 90 and 95 germination percentage..
Conclusions
Application of 20 mg l-1 paclobutrazol at stolen initiation, produced highest number of mini-tuber. But, maximum amount of mini-tuber length, mini-tuber diameter and mean of mini-tuber weight obtained in control treatment. Overall, in most cases paclobutrazol application had negative effect on production and germination of mini-tuber potatoes.
Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research
Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
2008-1472
15
v.
4
no.
2017
786
797
https://jcesc.um.ac.ir/article_38038_73899be7ee90f1b08b78f736cd24b381.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22067/gsc.v15i4.53270
Optimization of Plant Density and Nitrogen Use in Corn (Zea mays L.) by Central Composite Design
A
Koocheki
Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
author
M
Nasiri mahalati
Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
author
S
Khorramdel
Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
author
S
Morid Ahmadi
Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
author
text
article
2017
per
Introduction
Response Surface Methodology (RSM) is a statistical tool for modelling and optimization of multiple factors which determine optimum process conditions by combining experimental designs with interpolation by first- or second degree polynomial equations in a sequential testing format. Nitrogen (N) and plant density are two factors crucial to the successful implementation of crop management practices used in corn production systems. Numerous studies have reported the effects of N fertilization on yield of corn. The optimum resource level in agro-ecosystems should be determined to decrease production costs, conserve resources and reduce environmental pollution which occurs as a result of excessive use of these resources. In this work, optimization of nitrogen fertilizer and plant density of corn using central composite design for RSM was done.
Materials and Methods
An experiment was conducted using central composite design with 13 treatments and two replications at the Research Field of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad during the growing season of 2015-2016. The treatments were allocated based on low and high levels of plant density (7 and 10 plants m-2, respectively) and nitrogen (0 and 300 kgN ha-1, respectively). Biological yield, grain yield, N utilization efficiency, N recovery and N use efficiency were calculated as independent variables and changes of these variables were evaluated by a regression model. Optimum levels of nitrogen and plant density were proposed to obtain the expected level of these traits based on economic, environmental and economic-environmental scenarios.
Results and Discussion
The results showed that the effect of linear component was significant on biological and grain yield and nitrogen efficiency indices of corn. Effect of square component was significant on all studied traits except for biological yield and N recovery. Interaction effect of full quadratic was significant on biological yield and N recovery. Lack of fit test had no significant effect on the studied traits except for NUE. The highest observed and predicted values of grain yield were obtained in 7 plants.m-2 with 150 kg N per ha (11.71 ton ha-1) and 10 plants m-2 with 300 kg N per ha (12.22 ton ha-1), respectively. The maximum observed and predicted values of N recovery were obtained in 10 plants.m-2 with 300 kg N per ha (86.45%) and 10 plants.m-2 with 300 kgN ha-1 (90.14%), respectively. The optimum levels of nitrogen fertilizer and density were 8.12 plants.m-2 with 225.27 kg N per ha, 7 plants.m-2 with 46.95 kg N per ha and 7 plants.m-2 with 69.42 kg N per ha for economic, environmental economic-environmental scenarios, respectively.
Conclusions
Increasing nitrogen fertilizer led to an increase in grain yield and a decrease in nitrogen use efficiency whereas increasing density caused an increase in grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency.
Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research
Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
2008-1472
15
v.
4
no.
2017
798
810
https://jcesc.um.ac.ir/article_38041_05256a6ef3e4dfab9f7eeb32bff844fe.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22067/gsc.v15i4.54235
The Effect of Sowing Date and Nitrogen fertilizer on Growth, Essential Oil and Essential Oil Compounds of Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) under Shoushtar Condition
R
Farhoudi
Islamic Azad University, Shoushtar Branch
author
Z
Khodarahmpour
Islamic Azad University, Shoushtar Branch
author
text
article
2017
per
Introduction
Nowadays, the phytochemical constituents of medicinal plants have received much attention due to their potential use in nutraceuticals and drug industries. Spices and herbs are part of daily food intake across many regions of the world. They have been used as natural sources of flavorings and preservatives. Recently the use of medicinal plants and their derived products in the pharmaceutical and healthcare industry has seen rapid development in recent years. As the other crops, the increase in seed and active ingredient yield of medicinal herbs is influenced by genetic and environmental parameters. Although genetic factors play a significant role in the development of the essential oil of medicinal plants, should also be aware of the role of climatic factors and crops in the field. Therefore, medicinal plants dry matter production and its essential oils are controlled by environmental factors, conditions, sowing date, planting? fertilizing and harvesting time. Researches indicated stated that nitrogenous fertilization and sowing time increased yield by increasing hydrocarbon production owing to the development of shoots and the expansion of carbon-absorbing surface. Therefore to determine the effective N-fertilization level and plant sowing date for Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) an experiment was carried out to increase the yield of anthodium flowers and content of essential oil.
Materials and Methods
Field experiment was carried out at the research farm of Islamic Azad University, Shoushtar branch (Shoushtar located in the north of Khouzestan), in Iran during 2010-2011. The experiment was conducted on a split plot design based on randomized completely block design with three replications. The plant sowing date (November, 6 and 22) and UreaTM fertilizer (%46) (100, 125 and 150 kg ha-1) allocated to main plot and sub plot, respectively. For identification of components, Agilent gas chromatography model 6890 N, equipped with MSD model 5973 N and fused silica capillary column (HP-5MS, 30m- 0.25mm) were used for qualitative and quantitative analysis of oils. The GC oven temperature was held at 50 °C for 5 min, then programmed from 50 °C to 240 °C at a rate of 3 °C min-1 and from 240 °C to 290 °C at a rate of 5 °C min-1, held for 2 min at 290 °C, using the gas as the carrier (1.0 ml min-1). The temperature of injector and detector were 240 °C and 280 °C, respectively. The percentage composition of the essential oils was computed from GC peak areas without using any correction factors. Qualitative analysis was based on comparison of retention times and indices on both columns and mass spectra using computer mass spectra libraries model Agilent Technologies 5973 Network and corresponding data available in the literature.
Results and Discussion
Growth and essential oil yield of Fennel seed and shoot significantly influenced by sowing date and N fertilizer. Results of interaction the effect of sowing date and nitrogen fertilizer showed 6 November sowing date and 125 and 150 Urea fertilizer increase shoot dry weight (442.5 and 438.9 g m-2), seed essential oil percentage (2.9 and 2.8%), shoot essential oil percentage (3.14 and 3.12%), seed essential oil yield (2.2 g m-2) and shoot essential oil yield (13.9 and 13.6 g m-2). Anatole had the highest percentage of essential oil components. Highest percentage of seed and shoot of anatole obtained from samples from plants sowing on November 6th and fertilized with Urea 125kg per hectare under the influence of urea fertilizer by more than 39 percent of (seed) and 45% (shoots), respectively. The highest percentage of seed estragole obtained from plants sowing on 22November and under 125and150 Urea kg per hectare, respectively. Fennel shoot estragole percentages were not affected by various treatments. Highest of seed and shoot De-fench one percentages were observed.in planting of 6 November and125 and 150kg per hectare under the influence of urea.
Conclusions
The results of these experiment revealed that the sowing date and nitrogen content affected the constituents of the essential oil of fennel. Results showed that delaying sowing date under the North of Khuzestan weather conditions leading to reduced growth and yield of essential oil. According to the results, the most suitable sowing date and N fertilizer for Fennel under north of Khuzestan province condition are 6 November and 125 kg ha-1 Urea™ fertilizer.
Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research
Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
2008-1472
15
v.
4
no.
2017
811
822
https://jcesc.um.ac.ir/article_38044_89517f3d13e72fdc62e5e3afd18db961.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22067/gsc.v15i4.54396
Effect of Different Levels of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers on Yield, Harvest Index and Extract Percentage of Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.)
S
Laleh
University of Birjand
author
M
Jami Al-Ahmadi
University of Birjand
author
S
Parsa
University of Birjand
author
text
article
2017
per
Introduction
Hemp is a dioecious and annual plant. The most important use to this plant is in the food, drug, and natural fibers. Proper fertilizer management for a medicinal plant species is important for increasing its yield and maintaining the quality of active principles. Sustainable farming is on the basis of natural fertilizer application with the aim of decreasing chemical fertilizers. Various studies show that application of animal manure with chemical fertilizers (as N, P and …) have positive effects on soil structure, microbial population, soil fertility, growth and yield of plant with the aim of protecting the environment. Therefore, the present study was under taken to evaluate the effect of organic amendments enriched with chemical fertilizers of nitrogen and phosphorus on yield and extract of hemp.
Materials and Methods
To study the effect of different levels of animal manure and chemical fertilizers, a split factorial experiment, based on complete randomized blocks design with three replications was conducted at the research Farm of Faculty of agriculture, University of Birjand, during the growing season 2014-2015. Experimental factors were animal manure (0, 10, 20 and 30 t. ha-1well rotted farmyard manure) as the main plot, and factorial application of three levels of N (0, 50 and 100 kg N ha-1 as Urea) with two levels of P (0 and 80 kg P2O5 ha-1 as triple and P was superphosphate) as sub-plot. Animal manure, P and half of the N fertilizer were applied before planting and the other half of N were applied by top dressing. Hemp were planted 5 may on rows 60 cm apart, with 30 cm distance between each hemp on row, at the depth of 3-4 cm. Measured traits included leaf, stem and seed weights, stem height and diameter, 1000 seed weight, and leaves extract percentage per square meter in sub-plot for female plants of hemp. Also percentage of female plants calculated per sub-plot. Finally, all variables were analyzed by SAS software (V. 9.1). Comparison of the averages attributes was performed using FLSD test at the 0.05 level of significant.
Results and Discussion
The results showed that the percentage of female plants did not affected by animal manure and chemical fertilizers. Stem height and diameter, leaf and stem weights and extract percentage were increased with increasing rate of animal manure, nitrogen and phosphate fertilizers. Phosphorus application caused a 11.2% increase in thousand grains weight. The highest stem and leaf yields were 2541.8 and 7001.6 kg ha-1 respectively, which were obtained by using 20 t. ha-1 animal manure with 100 kg N + 80 kg P ha-1. An increased stem yield was also obtained by applying 30 t ha-1 animal manure with 50 kg N + 80 kg P ha-1. Integrated using of 20 t. ha-1 animal manure with 100 kg N + 80 kg P ha-1, and 30 t. ha-1 animal manure with 50 kg N + 80 kg P ha-1 were appeared as the favorable fertilizing treatments for hemp.
Conclusions
It is suggested that combined usage of the animal manure and chemical fertilizers have more positive effects on growth and yield of hemp in compare with the use of fertilizers or animal manure lonely. Also hemp nutrition should be done according to the aim of producing.
Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research
Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
2008-1472
15
v.
4
no.
2017
823
837
https://jcesc.um.ac.ir/article_38046_d53173eaefc12bc4be45aefe25ecc144.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22067/gsc.v15i4.54427
Allelopathic Effect of Wheat and Barley Residues on Yield and Yield Components of Cowpea (Vigna sinensis L.) and Weeds Control
M
Shahbyki
Shahrood University of Technology
author
H
Makarian
Shahrood University of Technology
author
H
Abbasdokht
Shahrood University of Technology
author
text
article
2017
per
Introduction
Weeds are a major constraint limiting crop yield in agricultural systems and in organic systems in particular. Although herbicides are efficient for weed control, continuous use has caused the development of resistance in weeds against several herbicides. Furthermore, herbicides also pollute the soil, water and aerial environments and herbicide residues in food have deteriorated food quality and enhanced the risk of diseases. Allelopathy is defined as the direct or indirect harmful or beneficial effects of one plant on another through the release of chemical compounds into the environment. Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is known to be allelopathic against crops and weeds. The objective of this study was to investigate the allelopathic effect of wheat and barley residues on weeds control and cowpea yield.
Materials and Methods
An experiment was conducted as randomized complete block design with three replications at the research field (36° 25’E, 54° 58’N, 1349 m a.s.l.) of Agricultural Faculty, Shahrood University of Technology in 2015. Treatments were included; weeding all season, no weeding, trifluralin according to the recommended dose (2 ton ha-1), foliar application of wheat straw extract (concentration of 50%), foliar application of wheat straw extract (concentration of 100%), the application of wheat residue mixed with the soil at a rate of 2 ton ha-1, the application of wheat residue mixed with the soil at a rate of 4 ton ha-1, the application of wheat residue mixed with the soil at a rate of 8 ton ha-1, foliar application of barley straw extract (concentration of 50%), foliar application of barley straw extract (concentration of 100%). Statistical analysis of data was performed with MSTAT-C software and means were compared with LSD test at the 5% level of probability.
Results and Discussion
The results showed that the effect of treatments was significant (P 0.01) on weed density and dry weight. Soil incorporation with wheat residue at a rate of 4 and 8 ton ha-1 significantly decreased weed density than non-weeding treatment. Seed number per pod, biological and grain yield of cowpea significantly increased in the soil incorporation with wheat residue at a rate of 8 ton ha-1 compared to control. Our results showed that weeding and soil incorporation with wheat residue at a rate of 8 ton ha-1 increased cowpea yield by 78.23 and 80.79% compared to no weeding treatment, respectively. Wheat is a potent source of bioactive phytotoxic compounds representing three main classes as phenolic (hydroxybenzoic, vanillic, pcoumaric, syringic and ferulic acids being most frequently reported and transferulic and trans-pcoumaric acids being the dominant acids), cyclic hydroxamic acids (a class of alkaloids) and short chain fatty acids. It is reported that wheat extract compounds can interfere with basic processes of receiver plants as photosynthesis, cell division, respiration and protein synthesis and indirectly provoke other forms of stresses. Thus, these compounds can reduce weed germination and growth. Another important effect of these allelochemicals is the activation of cellular antioxidant system in response to uncontrolled production and accumulation of reactive oxygen species. The reason for increase in grain yield was the control of weeds and probably the allelopathic effects of crop water extracts promoted the wheat growth which ultimately increases grain yield.
Conclusions
The present study concluded that wheat phytotoxins in straw inhibited germination and seedling growth of weeds, and the inhibition was concentration-dependent. Also wheat straw added to soil increased yield and some traits of cowpea. In general, the results showed that wheat straw can reduce weed suppression and can improve characteristics of plant, moreover, decreased environment risks of chemical inputs and ensure sustainability of production in long time.
Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research
Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
2008-1472
15
v.
4
no.
2017
838
850
https://jcesc.um.ac.ir/article_38050_22bdb11420dac88ab94c8033d3b40c96.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22067/gsc.v15i4.55364
Effect of Planting Date on Reducing Growth Period of Spring Safflower Cultivars in Tabriz Cold and Semi-arid Climate
B
Pasban Eslam
East Azarbaijan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center
author
text
article
2017
per
Introduction
Safflower is a plant adaptable to areas with limited rainfall during winter and spring and dry air at flowering, seed filling and maturity stages, and tolerant to water deficit. The positive correlation coefficient observed between safflower seed yield with precipitation and low air temperature during seed germination to flowering and flowering to seed maturity. Furthermore, precipitation and low temperature during flowering to seed maturity significantly increased seed oil percentage. Therefore, it seems that, by adjusting the planting time can be adapted phenological stages of plant with appropriate weather conditions. The aims of this research were study the possibility reducing the growth period of safflower spring varieties with maintaining performance through delay in planting time, evaluate seed and oil yields at different planting times, and identify the best varieties for cold and semi-arid areas.
Materials and Methods
The experiment was conducted at the East Azarbaijan Agriculture and Natural Resources Research Center (46°2¢E, 37°58¢N, 1347 m a.s.l.) during 2014-2015 growing season. According to Koppen climatic classification system, the area climate is semi-arid and cold. This study was carried out as factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications. Treatments were four planting dates (30 March, 9, 19 and 29 April) and three safflower spring cultivars (Sina, Soffeh and Goldasht). Plant spacing between rows was 24 cm and final plant density was 70 plant per m2. Each plot consisted of 6 rows in 5 meters. Plants were harvested on the 11th and 14th of August in the first and second years of experiment, respectively. At the harvest time, in order to control boarder effects, plants from the sides of each plot were removed. Measured traits were plant height, capitulum diameter, seed yield, capitula number per plant, seed number per capitulum and 1000-seed weight. Ten plants in each plot were used to determine plant height and seed yield components. Also, seed oil content was determined by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) method.
Results and Discussion
The results indicated that interaction effect of year, planting date and cultivar was significant on the plant height, paniculum number per plant, seed number per paniculum, 1000 seed weight , seed yield and seed oil percent. A delay in planting date from 30 March, significantly reduced yield components, seed and oil yields. Soffeh cultivar had the greater plant height and Goldasht and Sina were located in the next rank. Goldasht cultivar had higher seed yield with the largest capitulum diameter and the most 1000 seed weight. The highest oil yield was belonged to the Soffeh (1161 kg ha-1) and Goldasht cultivar (754 kg per ha1) in the first and second year, respectively. There were positive significant correlations between capitulum diameter, 1000 seed weight and seed yield. The Goldasht and Soffeh cultivars provided acceptable performance that were seen appropriate for cultivation in Tabriz cold and semi-arid plain. Delayed planting led to significant decrease in seed and oil yields and therefore is not be recommended.
Conclusions
The results of this study indicated that the most appropriate date to cultivate spring safflower in Tabriz cold and semi-arid plain is 30 March and planting is not recommended at the late season. Soffeh and Goldasht cultivars are suitable for cultivation in this region.
Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research
Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
2008-1472
15
v.
4
no.
2017
851
860
https://jcesc.um.ac.ir/article_38051_9fc7cb1a740398614a144818f634b733.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22067/gsc.v15i4.55365
Effect of Selenium and Application Methods of Urea Top-dress on Yield and its Components and Quality Traits of Wheat under Rainfed Conditions
M
Konani
Islamic Azad University, Arak
author
N. A
Sajedi
Islamic Azad University, Arak
author
M. R
Sobhani
Islamic Azad University, Arak
author
text
article
2017
per
Introduction
Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is the greatest nourishment for most of world’s population. In many lands of Iran, water is not enough for irrigation and also the most regions of country have arid and semi-arid climate. Water deficit is an important stressful factor for plant growth and crop productivity. Nitrogen is main component of proteins and enzymes. It is essential in all of the plant growth stages. Application of nitrogen is essential for retard leaf senescence, maintenance of photosynthetic leaf during grain filling period and increasing grain protein. The time and method of nitrogen fertilizer application are effective on grain yield. The reported that maximum of grain yield recorded when that nitrogen fertilizer was applied at sowing time along with foliar application at the tillering stage. In higher plants, the role of selenium is still unclear. Selenium can increase the tolerance of plants to induced oxidative stress include drought, salinity, high temperature. Selenium increases the tolerance of plants by transpiration or osmotic potential under water deficit. The current paper studies the influence of selenium and application methods of urea top-dress under rainfed conditions in order to promote improved drought stress tolerance and increase the quantity and quality of wheat.
Materials and Methods
In order to study the effect of selenium and application methods of urea top-dress on yield, yield components and quality traits of wheat under rainfed conditions, an experiment was conducted at Ashianeh-ye Sofla village, Khomeyn County, Markazi Province during 2012- 2013 growing season. This experiment was carried out as split plot based on randomized complete block design with four replicates. Experimental factors were included application methods of urea fertilizer in four levels (without application of fertilizer (control), application of 60 kg ha-1 at the tillering stage, application of 30 kg ha-1 at the tillering stage combined with foliar application of 200 mg L-1 before ear emergence and application of 20 kg ha-1 at the tillering stage combined with foliar application of 200 mg L-1 before ear emergence and 200 at the late ear emergence) and selenium in three levels (0, 5 and 10 mg L-1). Seed density was based on 100 kg ha-1 of Sardari cultivar. The seeds were sown by hand on 6-m rows with 15 cm spacing between rows. The distance between the plots was one meter. At the final harvest, 2 m2 was harvested from the middle of each plot and the grain yield was evaluated. Statistical analysis of data was performed with MSTAT-C software and means were compared with Duncan's test at the 5% level of probability.
Results and Discussion
The results showed that application of urea top-dressing fertilizer and selenium increased the spike number per m2. Maximum grain yield (1207.5 kg ha-1) was obtained from application of 60 kg urea per hectare at the tillering stage and without application of selenium, that was statistically similar to application of 30 kg urea per hectare at the tillering stage combined with foliar application of 200 mg L-1 before ear emergence with 1196.3 kg grain yield per hectare. This is due to that application of nitrogen increased spike number per area unit, grain number per spike and 1000-grain weight. Application of urea fertilizer significantly increased the grain selenium concentration and protein content. Foliar application of selenium at different urea levels increased the grain selenium concentration. The application of 60 kg urea per hectare at the tillering stage, application of 30 kg urea per hectare at the tillering stage combined with foliar application of 200 mg urea per liter before ear emergence and application of 20 kg urea per hectare at the tillering stage combined with foliar application of 200 mg urea per liter before ear emergence and 200 mg urea per liter at the late ear emergence increased the grain selenium by 48.28, 40.57 and 34.39% compared to control, respectively. Foliar application of selenium increased the amount of grain selenium compared to control. The highest grain selenium was obtained from application of 10 mg selenium per liter.
Conclusions
In conclusion, with application of urea fertilizer at the rate of 30 kg ha-1 as top-dressing at the tillering stage combined with foliar application of 200 mg L-1 before ear emergence can reduce the rate of urea fertilizer by 50% without reducing yield. Furthermore, foliar application of 10 mg L-1 selenium can moderate effect of drought stress, also increase grain quality. Therefore, application of urea fertilizer as top-dressing combined with spray along with foliar application of selenium improve the qualitative and quantitative yield of wheat under rainfed conditions.
Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research
Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
2008-1472
15
v.
4
no.
2017
861
871
https://jcesc.um.ac.ir/article_38056_97bf41a1ed25546eb6acb03d431a1688.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22067/gsc.v15i4.55834
Evaluation of Different Triticale (X Triticosecale wittmack) Genotypes for Agronomic and Qualitative Characters
S
Ansari
Isfahan University of Technology
author
S. A. M
Mirmohammady Maibody
Isfahan University of Technology
author
A
Arzani
Isfahan University of Technology
author
P
Golkar
Isfahan University of Technology
author
text
article
2017
per
Introduction
Genetic variation is essential for the success of breeding programs and is vital to helping the genetic improvement of Triticale. Understanding patterns of genetic diversity in the Triticale and use of its genetic resources on a practical basis may help to establish appropriate procedures for breeding genetic materials. It can be used as a benchmark for classifying parenting lines and favorable heterotic groups in triticale. Triticale (X Triticosecale wittmack) has considerable potential either as a grain crop or forage crop, but has received little attention from breeding programs in Iran.
Materials and Methods
This research was conducted to study the genetic diversity and the performance of triticale cultivars imported from Poland and International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) using some agro-morphological traits. Forty one triticale genotypes were evaluated using a randomized complete block design with three replications at Research Farm of College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology. Agronomic characteristics comprising plant height (cm), length of the last node (cm), flag leaf length (cm), spike length (cm), thousand seed weight (g), the number of spike per m2, seed yield (tha-1), grain number per spike, number of spikelets per spike, harvest index, test weight (kg hectoliter), biological yield (ton ha-1), wet and dry gluten content (%) were measured. All statistical analyses were performed using SAS statistical software. The multivariate analysis procedures used to analyze the collected data and to investigate relationships among variables. Mean comparison was conducted using LSD range test (at 5% level). The unweighted neighbour joining (UNJ) cluster analysis was carried out using NT-SYS software.
Results and Discussion
Analysis of variance showed that genotypes were significantly different in all characters. The measured traits varied in coefficient of genotypic and phenotypic variation. The highest coefficients of genotypic (41.7%) and phenotypic (44.9%) coefficient of variation were belonged to wet gluten content. The least coefficient of genotypic (4.5%) and phenotypic (7%) variation was denoted to test weight. Simple mean comparisons for seed yield of Triticale showed that the highest seed yield (11.84 ton ha-1) was denoted to Sorento genotype from Poland and the least seed yield (5.5 ton ha-1) to Beaglel and EMA genotypes (from CYMMYT). Using stepwise regression analysis, 98.8% of seed yield variation was attributed to two traits, including harvest index, and biological yield. Correlation analysis showed the significant relation of number of spikelets per spike, and spike length with grain yield. The results of the factor analysis revealed that five factors namely, plant height, grain yield and their components, biological yield, harvest index gluten content explained 80% of total variances of the grain yield. Cluster analysis of genotypes based on agronomic and protein content traits grouped the genotypes into four separate clusters. In categorization based on collected data, the fourth group included genotype from Poland origin (Prego, Lamberto, Moreno, Lasko, Dagro, Sorento, Fidelio, LAD1900, RH116, Tewo, Disco, Vero, DAD601, Pinokio and Magnat) with the highest value for biological yield, seed yield, number of spikelet per spike, plant height, spike length and the length of the last internode. These clusters have beneficial characteristics and are useful for plant breeding purposes.
Conclusions
Based on the data reported here, the scientific use of multivariate statistical analysis including stepwise regression analysis, principle component and cluster analysis of genotypes revealed subjectivity of these methods as a suitable way to exploit intraspecific variation within triticale and evaluate its genetic resources for their agronomic value and the amount of genetic variation for specific traits to allow more efficient genetic improvement. The identified superior genotypes such as Sorento could be used in hybridization programs for improvement the seed yield in triticale.
Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research
Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
2008-1472
15
v.
4
no.
2017
872
884
https://jcesc.um.ac.ir/article_38059_4a66908cca6133527eb11fa98a61468a.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22067/gsc.v15i4.55994
The effect of Nitrogen on Radiation Use Efficiency and Growth indices of Maize Hybrids (Zea mays L.) under Kermanshah Condition
M
Ahmadi
Razi University
author
F
Mondani
Razi University
author
M
Khoramivafa
Razi University
author
Gh
Mohammadi
Razi University
author
A
Shirkhani
Kermanshah Agricultural and Natural Resources and Education Center
author
text
article
2017
per
Introduction
Dry matter produced by crops is a function of absorbed radiation and radiation use efficiency. Radiation use efficiency is an effective approach to quantify total dry matter accumulation. It is defined as biomass produced by plant for solar radiation absorbed during growing season. Radiation use efficiency is often calculated from the linear regression slope between total dry matter accumulation and cumulative solar radiation absorbed. It is affected by species, weather conditions, crop management, plant development stages, and the production of photosynthesis compounds. Among the factors of agronomic management, nitrogen fertilizer and crop species are the most important aspects that affect the radiation use efficiency. Therefore, by considering the fact that Kermanshah province has favorable condition in terms of more natural resources such as solar radiation, the aims of the present study were evaluation of nitrogen effect on radiation use efficiency, growth indices and yield of some current maize hybrids.
Materials and Methods
A split plot experiment was done based on randomized complete block design with 4 replications at 2014. Treatments were 4 levels of nitrogen fertilizer application (40%, 70%, 100% and 140% of the maize demand to nitrogen which based on the amount recommended by soil experiment equivalent to 138, 238, 350 and 483 kg.ha-1 of urea) as main plots and 3 maize hybrids KSC-704, BC-678 and Simon as sub plots. Leaf area index and total dry matter yield measured during growing season. Crop growth rate and relative growth ratio calculated by differentiation from fitted equation on total dry matter yield data. In order to calculate radiation use efficiency, sunny hours for Kermanshah latitude obtained from the nearest weather station. Daily solar radiation simulated by the method cited by Goudriaan and Van Laar (1993) for growing season. The absorbed radiation in each stage obtained through the multiplication simulated daily solar radiation in percent of absorbed radiation. The amount of cumulative absorbed radiation calculated through the multiplication simulated daily radiation in integral of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation fraction. Finally, radiation use efficiency calculated through the slope of linear regression between dry matter accumulation and cumulative absorbed photosynthetically active radiation. Also, grain yield measured for each treatment separately in the physiological maturity time.
Results and Discussion
The results showed that maximum and minimum of leaf area index, leaf area duration, crop growth rate and total dry matter yield were observed in KSC-704 and BC-678 hybrids, respectively. Also in all 3 hybrids, maximum leaf area index, leaf area duration, radiation absorption, crop growth rate, relative growth ratio and total dry matter yield improved by increasing of nitrogen fertilizer application from 138 to 483 kg.ha-1 of urea. The highest total dry matter yield (20450 kg ha-1) was related to 704 hybrid and consumption of 483 kg ha-1 of urea. Simon hybrid had higher grain yield than other hybrids at 483 kgha-1 of urea condition (10467 kg ha-1). Radiation use efficiency was not significantly different among maize hybrids. Regardless maize hybrids, by increasing of nitrogen fertilizer application from 138 to 238, 350 and 483 kg ha-1 of urea, radiation use efficiency improved from 2.33 to 2.63, 2.81 and 2.84 g MJ-1 (about 13%, 21% and 22%), respectively. Our results also indicated that there was a positive and significant correlation between radiation use efficiency and maximum leaf area index, maximum radiation absorption, maximum crop growth rate, maximum relative growth ratio, and maximum total dry matter. The positive correlation between radiation absorption with crop growth rate (0.98) and total dry matter (0.97) demonstrated more radiation absorbed lead to more crop growth rate subsequently higher total dry matter production by maize hybrids. Nitrogen fertilizer also improved total dry matter yield (58%) and grain yield (63%).
Conclusions
The results indicated that despite effects of nitrogen fertilizer application on maize grain yield, but unfavorable application of nitrogen would be led to intensify environmental pollution. Therefore, consumption of nitrogen fertilizer based on plant demand leads to increase resources use efficiency and reduce environmental risks.
Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research
Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
2008-1472
15
v.
4
no.
2017
885
900
https://jcesc.um.ac.ir/article_38062_005594f4cb889321a0f66579cd10ebb7.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22067/gsc.v15i4.57608
Leaf Area Expansion, Dry matter Accumulation and Grain Filling Trend as Affected by Planting Date and Seed size in Faba Bean (Vicia faba L.)
S
Jafarnode
Gorgan University of Agricultural Science and Natural Resources
author
E
Zeinali
Gorgan University of Agricultural Science and Natural Resources
author
A
Soltani
Gorgan University of Agricultural Science and Natural Resources
author
F
Sheikh
Golestan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center
author
text
article
2017
per
Introduction
Green leaf area index and dry matter accumulation are closely associated with grain yield components (i.e., number of grains per unit area and grain size) and grain yield per unit area. This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of seed size used for planting and sowing date on leaf area expansion, dry matter accumulation and grain filling trend in faba bean, C.V. Barakat.
Materials and Methods
The experiment was conducted at the research field of Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences, Gorgan, Iran, during 2013-2014 growing season. The experimental design was a split plot in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Planting dates (26 Nov., 19 Dec., 2013 and 11 Feb. and 10 Mar., 2014) and seed size (small, medium, large) were arranged in main- and sub-plots, respectively.
Results and Discussion
Based on the results of the analysis of variance, there was a significant interaction between seed size and planting date for maximum leaf area index (LAImax), dry matter yield (BY) and grain yield (GY). LAImax, BY and GY were variable between 0.75 and 5.3, 2.56 and 12.05 ton ha-1 and 0.43 and 5.20 ton ha-1, respectively. The lowest value for each of the above mentioned characteristics was obtained from combination of last planting date and small seed. The highest LAImax was observed in the first sowing date and large seed combination treatment, and the highest BY and GY was observed in the first planting date and medium seeds combination treatment. However, when large or medium seeds were used in this planting date, there was no significant statistical difference between the BY and BY.The time required to achieve LAImax and 50% of maximum dry matter (Wmax) and also grain filling period (SFP) significantly reduced in result of delaying in planting. LAImax was observed between 59.7 (for Mar. planting date) and 158.9 (for Nov. planting date) and Wmax was happened between 60.2 (for Mar. planting date) and 159.6 (for Nov. planting date) days after planting. Moreover, SFP declined by planting delay so that from 80 days (in 26 Nov. planting date) decreased to 33 days (in 10 March planting date). There was no reliable difference between three sizes of seeds on the three parameters mentioned above. According to the results of regression analysis, there was a linear relationship with high coefficient of determination between LAI as well as dry matter and grain yield, and between the duration of grain filling with grain weight, grain number per unit area and grain yield. So that the increase of values of the mentioned traits led to increase in grain weight, grain number and finally grain yield per unit area.
Conclusions
The results indicated a reduced LAImax, the maximum dry matter and days to LAImax with any delay in seeding. Furthermore, the phenological development stages passed rapidly and seed filling duration was shortened in delayed planting dates. As a result, the number of seeds per plant and per unit area decreased, the grain size became smaller, and finally grain yield was reduced. According to the regression results, an each unit increase in leaf area index, total dry matter (gr m-2) and grain filling duration (day) resulted in increasing grain yield as amount as 153.6, 0.53, 9.81 g m-2, respectively. Therefore, in consisting with findings of previous our studies, planting up to mid- autumn is necessary to achieve maximum LAI, total accumulative dry matter and grain yield of faba bean under Gorgan environmental conditions. In addition, due to positive correlation between seed size and three above mentioned parameters, the application of more large seeds for planting leads to a better result.
Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research
Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
2008-1472
15
v.
4
no.
2017
901
913
https://jcesc.um.ac.ir/article_38065_6d64765d1f7acfc88ac4dab6d6d861b8.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22067/gsc.v15i4.57938
Effects of Drought Stress on Canola (Brassica napus L.) Genotypes Yield and Yield Components
R
Khani
Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University
author
A. R
Sadeghi Bakhtvari
Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University
author
B
Pasban Eslam
Research Center for Agriculture and Natural Resources of East Azarbaijan, Tabriz-Iran
author
V
Sarabi
Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University
author
text
article
2017
per
Introduction
Canola (Brassica napus L.) genotypes with wide adaptability to environmental conditions could play a major role in Iran’s oilseed crop production. Selection of high performing genotypes is very important for developing canola cultivation. Water stress can reduce crop yield by affecting both source and sink for assimilation. Canola yield depends on genotype and environmental conditions and response of genotypes to environmental factors. Canola genotypes response to stress depends on the developmental stage and the events occurring prior to and during flowering stage. Resistance to water stress is divided to avoidance and tolerance. Some species are tolerable against water stress. In a while, other species respond ending life cycle, falling leaves and other reactions into water stress. Therefore, investigation of canola genotypes response to water stress in phenological growth stages can be valuable in order to determine resistant or tolerant genotypes.
Materials and Methods
In order to study the effect of drought stress on canola genotypes yield and its components, an experiment was conducted in 2013-2014 as a split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications at the research farm, Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center of East-Azarbaijan, Tabriz-Iran. Three levels of drought stress were considered as main plot (No-stress, stress at the flowering and pod setting growth stages) and 18 canola genotypes including HW113, RS12, Karaj1, KR18, L73, L72, HW101, L146, L210, L183, SW101, L5, L201, HW118, KR4, Karaj2, Karaj3 and KS7 as subplots. Flood irrigation was scheduled at 50% field capacity, 30 and 30% field capacity for no-stress, stress at the flowering and pod setting growth stages, respectively; i.e. soil moisture capacity was maintained at 30% by irrigating to 100% field capacity when available moisture reached 30% in drought stress treatments. An ANOVA was conducted using the PROC-GLM procedure in SAS ver. 9.2 and Minitab ver. 17 to test for normality. Means were separated using Fishers Least Significant Difference (LSD) set at a 0.05 significance level.
Results and Discussion
As expected, canola genotypes showed different responses to availability of water at flowering and pod setting growth stages. Results indicated that drought stress at flowering and pod setting growth stages had severe influence on canola genotypes yield and its components. L72, L146, L183, L210 and Karaj 2 genotypes tend to produce higher yields compared to other genotypes in no-stress conditions. Hence, these genotypes are suitable for planting in irrigated lands or place that enough precipitation downfall especially in their phenological growth stages. In contrast, these genotypes are not suitable for planting in arid or semi-arid regions like Iran, because the yields reduced severely in drought stress conditions. However, KR18, HW101, SW101 and Karaj3 genotypes could not produce as same yield as L72, L146, L183, L210 and Karaj2 genotypes in no-stress condition, they had minimum yield loss in susceptible phenological growth stages especially flowering growth stage compared to other genotypes. L183 genotype could produce yield similar to tolerant genotypes, but its yield loss was high in comparison with no stress condition.
Conclusions
Based on our findings in this study, KR18, HW101, SW101 and Karaj3 can be considered the best among other 18 genotypes in the selection of genotypes tolerant to drought stress occurring in flowering and pod setting stages. However, this study must be repeated in other climates and different drought stress conditions to acknowledge what we achieved in this research. After that, decision can be made about planting these genotypes tolerant in arid and semi-arid regions. In this regard, we can also do more comprehensive works can be done on breeding of these genotypes, because water crisis will be the future challenge in Iran.
Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research
Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
2008-1472
15
v.
4
no.
2017
914
924
https://jcesc.um.ac.ir/article_38068_ed9cd27e105b0783de41664a5934355d.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22067/gsc.v15i4.58356
Effects of Bio-fertilizers on Physiological Traits and Absorption of Some Nutrients of Chicory (Cichoriumintybus L.) in Response to Drought Stress
N
Rezaienia
University of Zabol
author
M
Ramroudi
University of Zabol
author
M
Galavi
University of Zabol
author
M
Forouzandeh
University of Zabol
author
text
article
2017
per
Introduction
The chicory is an economically important member of the Asteraceae family. Chicory has also been used for medicinal applications, useful to liver and gallbladder, which some of its health benefits is scientifically proved. In recent years, drought has been a serious problem in Iran. Several scientists have shown that a plant under stress will produce secondary metabolites that may influence its medicinal properties. This study aimed to investigate the effects of drought stress and bio-fertilizer application on physiological characteristics and absorption of some nutrients by chicory. Water is one of the most important environmental factors that has a significant influence on the growth and active ingredients of medicinal plants. Water shortage causes serious damage to plant growth and development. In the time of drought and salinity due to the high concentration of salts in the root zone and increase in the osmotic potential of the soil, nutrients absorption will decrease. Therefore, the decrease in soil moisture changes the rate and amount of nutrient absorption by the plant. Organic fertilizers under drought stress by increasing the proline, soluble sugars and absorption of potassium and phosphorus can mitigate drought stress impacts and increase the crop yield. The sharp decline in root growth under the drought stress condition is the main factor reducing the elements absorption capability of the plants. The combined application of Effective Microorganism (EM) and organic fertilizers is a suitable method to supply and release essential nutrients. Results of a study showed that EM inoculation with soil has not only improved the quality and quantity of crop but also enhanced the quality of soil. Application of Nano fertilizers as an alternative to conventional fertilizers resulted in slow and controlled release of nutrient in the soil. In addition, nano fertilizers increase the nutrients uptake efficiency and minimize the negative impacts of consuming too much fertilizer and reduce the frequency of fertilizer application. Drought stress decreases the potassium level in soil and consequently in the plant. The aim of this study was to examine the impacts of Bio and nano fertilizers application on physiological traits and absorption of some nutrients in chicory plant under limited irrigation.
Materials and Methods
To study the effects of Bio-fertilizers on physiological traits and absorption of some nutrient of Chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) in response to drought stress, this experiment was conducted in 2014-2015 growing season in a split-plot design with three replications at the Agricultural Research Institute (Chah-Nimeh), University of Zabol, Iran. The main plots were drought stresses regulated with irrigation after 90 (control), 70 and 50 percent of field capacity. Sub plots were different levels of Bio-fertilizer application inclusive of a sub-plot without fertilizer (control), inoculation of nitroxin (1 lit ha-1), effective EM (10 lit ha-1), and foliar application of Nano potassium chelate fertilizer (27%) (10 kg ha-1). The traits such as relative water content, protein percentage, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, flower yield, proline, flavonoid, carbohydrate, carotenoid, phosphor and potassium were evaluated.
Results and Discussion
Results showed that the interaction of Bio-fertilizer application and drought stress had a significant impact on all the traits except for the chlorophyll b. Increasing the stress rate, decreased the relative water content, photosynthetic pigments, carotenoid, protein percent, flower yield and phosphorus and potassium uptake. However, increase in the stress rate, increased the proline content, carbohydrate, and flavonoid increased. Bio-fertilizers application improved all the traits. The maximum relative water content, photosynthetic pigments, and flower yield were obtained from the treatment irrigated after 90 percent field capacity (FC) with EM application. The highest level of protein was obtained from the treatment irrigated after 90 percent of FC depletion and nitroxin fertilizer application. Maximum protein and carotenoid level were observed in irrigation treatment regulated with 50 percent FC and Nano potassium chelate fertilizer application. Maximum phosphorus and potassium uptake achieved from the treatment irrigated after 90 percent FC and Nano potassium chelate application. It is concluded that the increase in drought stress significantly decreases the photosynthetic pigments and absorption of nutrients.
Conclusions
According to the results, the use of Nano potassium chelate fertilizer, microorganism bio-fertilizer (EM) and nitroxin had a positive impact on efficiency of chicory production.
Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research
Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
2008-1472
15
v.
4
no.
2017
925
938
https://jcesc.um.ac.ir/article_38071_7a2e84da7dfa9ef206491e29b620c759.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22067/gsc.v15i4.59774
Effect of Different Nitrogen Levels on Phenology, Growth Indices and Yield of two Lentil Cultivars under Rainfed Conditions in Mashhad
M
Bannayan Aval
Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
author
F
Yaghoubi
Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
author
Z
Rashidi
Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
author
S
Bardehji
دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد
author
text
article
2017
per
Introduction
Lentil (Lens Culinarris Medik.) is an important pulse crop in Iran and is usually grown in rainfed areas. The average lentil yield in Iran is 1195 and 476 Kg.ha-1 in irrigated and rainfed farms, respectively. Low productivity occurs due to different factors. One of these factors is poor agronomic management practices that applied by the farmers, e.g. Limitation or inappropriate fertilizer distribution. Plant development occurs in a number of consecutive phases. These phases can be affected by temperature, moisture, photoperiod, cultivar and other factors. The amount of available nitrogen affects the distribution of assimilates between vegetative and reproductive organs and phenological stages of growth. Therefore, analysis of growth indices and its effective factors can be used as a suitable tool in evaluating the yield. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different nitrogen levels on phenology and growth indices of two lentil cultivars in rainfed conditions of Mashhad.
Materials and Methods
The experiment was conducted as split plot layout based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications at the Agricultural Research Station, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, during growth season 2016. Nitrogen fertilizer as urea (in three levels i.e. 0, 40 and 80 kg.ha-1) and cultivar (in two levels i.e. Birjand and Robat) were in main plots and sub plots, respectively. To determine the leaf area and dry matter, sampling was done every two weeks during the growing season. Phenological stages timing for each plot were determined based on 50% of emergence, 50% of flowering, 50% of maturity. Final yield was estimated from three square meter from each plot. Data were analyzed with the SAS software; the means were compared with Duncan's multiple range tests at the 5% level of probability. The graphs were prepared by SigmaPlot software.
Results and Discussion
The results showed that the effect of urea fertilizer was significant on vegetative, reproductive and overall plant growth based on days and growth degree-days. Also, 40 kg urea fertilizer per hectare showed that maximum of these traits. The effect of cultivar was significant on days and growth degree-days of planting to emergence, vegetative growth, reproductive growth and overall plant growth. Maximum of these traits were obtained in the Birjand cultivar. The difference in two lentil cultivars is related to genetic differences and their different adaptations to region. Urea fertilizer and cultivar interaction effects was not significant on phenological stages.
Urea fertilizer had a significant effect on leaf area index, dry matter accumulation and yield. The highest leaf area index was obtained in treatment of 40 kg urea fertilizer per hectare. More production of leaf area affected on other growth indices and led to increasing of crop production. The highest grain and biological yield were achieved in this treatment. Cultivar effect was significant on maximum leaf area index, dry matter accumulation and yield. Birjand cultivar had maximum leaf area index, dry matter accumulation, crop growth rate, grain and biological yield. Since the most of growth indices are dependent on leaf area index, changes in this indicator through change in the nitrogen fertilizer levels, is one of the most important practices to improve yield. Correlation analysis showed that, grain yield had positive and significant correlations with vegetative growth, reproductive growth, overall plant growth, maximum leaf area index and dry matter accumulation.
Conclusions
In this study, using of 40 kg urea fertilizer per hectare had a greater effect on leaf area index in comparison to other nitrogen fertilizer levels. That leads to an increase in the dry mater accumulation, crop growth rate and eventually increased the seed yield. So, application of 40 kg urea fertilizer per hectare is advised to achieve maximum crop production. Birjand cultivar had a good situation in terms of all growth indices and produced the highest yield, but it is a late cultivar and requires the optimum planting date for cultivation in this region. According to the observed correlations, leaf area index and dry matter accumulation can be introduced as traits affecting the yield of the two lentil cultivars.
Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research
Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
2008-1472
15
v.
4
no.
2017
939
956
https://jcesc.um.ac.ir/article_38075_cc6493a763205f1eb13faf9b7b920b2c.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22067/gsc.v15i4.59769