دانشگاه فردوسی مشهدپژوهشهای زراعی ایران2008-147219320210923The Effect of Drought Stress on Root and Shoot Growth of Kochia (Kochia scoparia L.) under Greenhouse Conditionsاثر تنش خشکی بر روی رشد اندامهای هوایی و زیرزمینی کوشیا (Kochia scoparia L.) تحت شرایط گلخانه2192323836710.22067/gsc.v19i1.70442FAبی بی الهه موسوی فردانشجوی دکتری فیزیولوژی گیاهان زراعی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهدحمیدرضا خزاعیگروه اگروتکنولوژی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد0000-0001-8409-5454محمد کافیگروه اگروتکنولوژی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد0000-0002-0933-1346Journal Article20180123<strong>Introduction:</strong> Drought is undoubtedly one of the most important environmental stresses limiting the productivity of crop plants around the world. An optimal partitioning of dry matter between root and shoot, therefore is of crucial importance for crop yield under drought stress. Deficit irrigation strategy and planting crops with low water requirements and low expectations, for example, Kochia is very important under drought stress. Kochia is a salt- and drought-tolerant species that can be grown on drought soils, yielding fodder in quantities approaching that produced by alfalfa. The aim of this greenhouse study was investigating root and shoot growth of Kochia under drought stress conditions.<br /><strong>Materials and Methods: </strong>To study the effects of drought stress on root and shoot growth of kochia, a pot experiment was carried out as completely randomized design with three replications in University of Ferdowsi in 2013. There were 9 treatments included control (no stress) (NS-NS=100% field capacity (FC)), moderate drought stress (70% FC) during the vegetative phase (MS-NS), severe drought stress (30% FC) during the vegetative phase (SS-NS), moderate drought stress during the reproductive phase (NS-MS), severe drought stress during the reproductive phase (NS-SS), moderate drought stress during the vegetative phase and severe drought stress during the reproductive phase (MS-SS), severe drought stress during the vegetative phase and moderate drought stress during the reproductive phase (SS-MS), moderate drought stress during total growth period (MS-MS) and severe drought stress during total growth period (SS-SS). At the beginning of anthesis, plant height and branch number were recorded. Then plants were harvested and leaves, stems, and roots were separated. The fresh weight of the organs was recorded. Root volume was measured. Leaf area measured using a leaf area meter (LI-COR model) and root area was measured by Atkinson method. Then, leaves, stems, and roots dried in an oven at 75°C for 48 hours until mass reached and dry weight was recorded. For statistical analysis, analysis of variance (ANOVA) and LSD test were performed using SAS ver. 9.1 software.<br /><strong>Results and Discussion:</strong> Results showed that the highest and lowest plant height, leaf area, leaf, stem and total fresh and dry weight observed in control and severe drought stress during growth period, respectively. Significance of traits related to plant aerial parts due to morphological changes of root plants, which is actually a plant response to drought stress. Also, effect of drought stress was significant on root length, area and volume, fresh and dry weight, root length ratio to plant height. The highest and lowest of these traits were observed in control and severe drought stress during growth period, respectively. Drought stress thereby mostly reduced plant height and increased at least root length, leading to higher root/shoot ratio. Most importantly, the length of root was greater in the moderate drought-treated plants than the control plants at the end of the drought and recovery periods. Number of lateral branches and root dry weight/shoot dry weight ratio did not differ significantly with control. Generally, root and shoot growth under drought stress conditions is reduced that the amount of reduction depends on the growth stage of the plant, intensity and duration of the stress.<br /><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Finally, this study showed that the maximum amount of Kochia forage was obtained when the water is 100% FC to increase the number and size of the cells and, consequently, increase the yield. However, Kochia forage decreased 19% by decreasing 30% of irrigation water in treatments of moderate stress during total growth period in compared to the control plants. In addition to saving water, more land can be cultivated. مطالعهای با هدف بررسی تأثیر تنش خشکی بر رشد ریشه و اندامهای هوایی در گیاه کوشیا در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی با 3 تکرار در گلخانه تحقیقاتی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد در سال 92-1391 اجرا شد. 9 تیمار خشکی شامل: شاهد (بدون تنش) (100% ظرفیت زراعی)، تنش ملایم (70% ظرفیت زراعی) در مرحله رویشی، تنش شدید (30% ظرفیت زراعی) در مرحله رویشی، تنش ملایم در مرحله زایشی، تنش شدید در مرحله زایشی، تنش ملایم در مرحله رویشی و تنش شدید در مرحله زایشی، تنش شدید در مرحله رویشی و تنش ملایم در مرحله زایشی، تنش ملایم در کل دوره رشد و تنش شدید در کل دوره رشد گیاه بودند. نتایج نشان داد که بیشترین و کمترین ارتفاع بوته، سطح برگ، وزن تر و خشک برگ، ساقه و کل اندام هوایی بهترتیب در تیمارهای شاهد و تنش شدید در کل دوره رشد گیاه مشاهده شد. همچنین بین تیمارهای خشکی از نظر طول، سطح، حجم، وزن تر و خشک ریشه و نسبت طول ریشه به ارتفاع بوته تفاوت معنیداری مشاهده شد. تیمار شاهد و تیمار تنش شدید خشکی در کل دوره رشد بهترتیب بیشترین و کمترین میزان را در سطح، حجم، وزن تر و خشک ریشه دارا بودند. بین تیمارهای مختلف خشکی از نظر تعداد شاخه جانبی و نسبت وزن خشک ریشه به اندام هوایی تفاوت معنیداری وجود نداشت. در کل رشد اندام هوایی و زیرزمینی در شرایط خشکی بسته به مرحله رشدی گیاه، شدت و مدت تنش کاهش یافت اما همواره و تحت هر شرایطی یک تناسب یکسان بین این دو بخش گیاه وجود داشت.دانشگاه فردوسی مشهدپژوهشهای زراعی ایران2008-147219320210923Effect of Planting Dates and Irrigation Level on Growth Criteria, Yield and Yield Components of Isabgol (Plantago ovata L.) under the Weather Conditions of Sarakhsتأثیر تاریخ کاشت و میزان آب آبیاری بر خصوصیات رشدی و عملکرد گیاه دارویی اسفرزه (Plantago ovate L.) در شرایط آب و هوایی سرخس2332484006910.22067/jcesc.2021.67257.0FAمحمد رضا روستانژاددانشجوی دکترای گروه اگروتکنولوژی، دانشکده کشاورزی، پردیس دانشگاه فردوسی مشهدمحمد بنایان اولگروه اگروتکنولوژی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد0000-0001-6076-6196پرویز رضوانی مقدمگروه اگروتکنولوژی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد0000-0002-3827-3878غلامعلی گزانچیانمرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان خراسان رضویJournal Article20201128<strong>Introduction</strong><br />Proper planting date and irrigation rate are the most important factors for better use of rainfall and soil moisture and thus increase crop yield. Production of medicinal and aromatic plants and the demand for natural products in the world is increasing, so that the twentieth century has been named as a return to nature and the century of using herbal medicines. Proper growth and development of medicinal plants in agricultural conditions requires knowledge of the ecological characteristics of these plants, careful study of planting techniques and the use of agricultural inputs, especially irrigation, fertilizers, suitable planting and harvesting times and their management. Such factors also affect the amount of secondary metabolites in medicinal plants. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of four planting dates and four irrigation rates on the yield traits of isabgol in Sarakhs.<br /><strong>Material and Methods</strong><br />In order to investigate the effect of irrigation levels and planting dates on the growth characteristics and yield of isabgol (<em>Plantago</em> <em>Ovata</em> L.) as a medicinal plant, a field experiment was performed in Research station, Sarakhs, Khorasan Razavi province during growth season 2015-16. This experiment was performed as strip plots based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. Irrigation treatments at four levels of 40, 60, 80, and 100% of the water requirements were placed in horizontal plots and four planting dates were on March 5, 2016, March 20, 2016, April 3, 2016 and April 18, 2016 in vertical plots. Irrigation was applied as furrow system at every 7 days. Irrigation treatments were applied at the time of complete establishment of seedlings in 3-4 leaf stage and continued until physiological maturity stage. The amount of irrigation water in each irrigation turn was calculated by AGWAT software. Measured traits included leaf area index, crop growth rate, dry matter accumulation, plant height, number of spikes per plant, number of seeds per plant, 1000-seed weight, grain yield, biological yield and harvest index.<br /><strong>Results and Discussion </strong><br />The results of growth indicators showed that the maximum leaf area index (3.4 and 3.3), the crop growth rate (22.12 and 22.18 g m<sup>-2</sup> d<sup>-1</sup>) and the accumulation of dry matter (444.9 and 445.4 g m<sup>-2</sup>) were obtained in the treatments of 100% and 80% of the water requirements, respectively. Also, the maximum leaf area index and crop growth rate were observed in the treatments of April 18 and April 3 (1.86 and 2). The treatments of March 20 and 5 also had the highest crop growth rate (14 and14 g m<sup>-2</sup> d<sup>-1</sup>) and dry matter accumulation (270 and 261.3 g m<sup>-2</sup>). The results also showed that the interaction effects on plant height, number of seeds per plant, 1000-seed weight, grain yield, biological yield, and harvest index were significant at the 1% level of probability. Maximum plant height (24.57 cm) was obtained in the 100% of the water requirement and planting date of March 20 treatment. The highest number of seeds per plant (1210.36), grain yield (1891.4 kg), biological yield (5607.8 kg), number of spikes per plant (29.67) and 1000-seed weight (2.05 g) were obtained in the treatments of 80% of water requirement and planting date on March 20.The highest harvest index (36.4%) belonged to the treatment of 100% of water requirement and planting date on March 5.<br /><strong>Conclusions</strong><br />In general, it can be concluded that different characteristics of isabgol plant were affected by planting date and irrigation water amount so that with a delay in planting date and also reducing the amount of irrigation water, growth and yield characteristics were significantly reduced. As a result, deficit irrigation at 80% of the crop water requirement and planting date of March 20 were more effective in saving irrigation water along with a good yield of the isabgol plant compared to 100% of the crop water requirement treatment in the study area.بهمنظور بررسی تاثیر تاریخ کاشت و میزان آب آبیاری بر خصوصیات رشدی و عملکرد گیاه دارویی اسفرزه، آزمایشی در سال زراعی 95-1394 در ایستگاه تحقیقاتی کشاورزی سرخس صورت گرفت. آزمایش بهصورت کرتهای نواری در قالب طرح بلوکهای کامل تصادفی با 3 تکرار اجرا شد. تیمارهای شامل چهار سطح آبیاری 100، 80، 60 و 40 درصد نیاز آبی در کرتهای افقی و چهار تاریخ کاشت 15 اسفند، 1 فروردین، 15 فروردین و 30 فروردین در کرتهای عمودی قرار گرفتند. نتایج شاخصهای رشد نشان داد حداکثر شاخص سطح برگ (بهترتیب 4/3 و 3/3)، سرعت رشد محصول (12/22 و 18/22 گرم بر مترمربع در روز) و تجمع ماده خشک (9/444 و 4/445 گرم در مترمربع) در تیمار 100 و 80 درصد نیاز آبی بهدست آمد. همچنین حداکثر شاخص سطح برگ (2 و 86/1) در تاریخهای کاشت 30 و 15 فروردین، حداکثر سرعت رشد محصول (14 و 14 گرم بر مترمربع در روز) و تجمع ماده خشک (270 و 3/261 گرم بر مترمربع) نیز در تیمارهای 1 فروردین و 15 اسفند بهدست آمد. نتایج نشان داد بیشترین تعداد دانه در بوته (36/1210 عدد)، عملکرد دانه (4/1891 کیلوگرم در هکتار)، عملکرد بیولوژیک (8/5607 کیلوگرم در هکتار)، تعداد سنبله در بوته (67/29 عدد) و وزن هزاردانه (05/2 گرم) در تیمار 80 درصد نیاز آبی و تاریخ کاشت 1 فروردین حاصل شد. بیشترین شاخص برداشت (4/36 درصد) در تیمار 100 درصد نیاز آبی و تاریخ کاشت 15 اسفند بهدست آمد. با توجه به نتایج حاصله، بهترین تاریخ کاشت و سطح آبیاری جهت نیل به حداکثر عملکرد و حفظ منابع آبی در منطقه سرخس بهترتیب 1 فروردین و 80 درصد نیاز آبی بود.دانشگاه فردوسی مشهدپژوهشهای زراعی ایران2008-147219320210923Improving the Quantitative and Qualitative Yield of Dracocephalum moldavica L. with Vermicompost in Different Planting Datesبهبود عملکرد کمی و کیفی گیاه بادرشبو (Dracocephalum moldavica L.) با کاربرد کود ورمیکمپوست در تاریخهای مختلف کاشت2492604020010.22067/jcesc.2021.68798.1022FAمهدی وطن دوستدانشآموخته کارشناسی ارشد گیاهان دارویی، واحد فسا، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، فسا، ایرانمهدی مدن دوستگروه زراعت، واحد فسا، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، فسا، ایرانJournal Article20210208<strong>Introduction </strong><br />Environmental condition and appropriate planting date are the most important factors in producing optimal yield. Different planting dates lead to adaptation of plant vegetative growth period to different temperatures, daytime, and solar radiation. Therefore, it affects the development, production of biomass and ultimately plant yield. The effect of environmental factors on phenological stages of the plant makes the planting date differ from region to region and between genotypes in one region. Determining the optimal time for planting an herb is very important and it is a major factor to achieve potential yield. Furthermore, vermicompost plays an effective role by making available the necessary nutrients. Despite many studies on the positive effects of Vermicompost on the growth of different plants, few studies have investigated the use of vermicompost for <em>Dracocephalum moldavica</em> at different planting dates. Therefore, this experiment aimed to examine the effects of different amounts of vermicompost on the growth, yield, and essential oil of <em>Dracocephalum moldavica</em> at different planting dates.<br /><strong>Materials and Methods</strong><br />This study was conducted byfactorial experiment based on completely randomized block design. The first factor included different planting dates at four levels (20 February, 5 March, 20 March, and 3 April) and the second factor included vermicompost at three levels (control and 5 and 10 t.ha<sup>-1</sup> of vermicompost). Samples were taken from plants in the field at 50% flowering stage to measure the concentration of leaf elements and physiological traits. At the end of the growth period, were measured the height, the number of lateral branches, dry weights of aerial organs, and root dry weight. To measure the percentage of essential oil, were harvested aerial organs in different treatments at the flowering stage. Analysis of data variances was performed using SAS software version 9.1. Duncan’s Multiple Range test was used to a comparison between means at p ≤ 0.05. It should be noted that the results of mean comparison were only presented for the traits that the effect of experimental factors on them was statistically significant.<br /><strong>Results and Discussion</strong><br />The results indicated that the highest nitrogen and phosphorus content of leaves and dry weight of <em>Dracocephalum moldavica</em> were obtained in a treatment of 10 t.ha<sup>-1</sup> of vermicompost. The delayed planting changed physiological traits, including chlorophyll content and relative water content of leaves. Delayed planting due to the higher heat and drought stress decreased root growth and thus caused low water absorption from the soil. Therefore, the delay in planting reduced some growth indices of <em>Dracocephalum moldavica</em> Because of improved absorption of nutrients such as nitrogen, vermicompost resulted in further synthesis of the photosynthesis pigments. Regarding the results of this experiment, the greatest shoot dry weight, dry weight root and essence percentage were obtained by applying 10 t.ha<sup>-1</sup> of vermicompost, while the lowest one was observed in control treatment without applying vermicompost fertilizer. There was an increase in essential oil percentage and yield by the use of 10 t.ha<sup>-1</sup> of vermicompost. Furthermore, the planting date of 3 April reduced the yield of essential oil compared to the planting date of 20 March.<br /><strong>Conclusions</strong><br />In general, the highest quantitative and qualitative yields of <em>Dracocephalum moldavica</em> were seen in the treatment of 10 t.ha<sup>-1</sup> of vermicompost. We recommend the planting date of 20 February and 10 t.ha<sup>-1</sup> of vermicompost for <em>Dracocephalum moldavica</em> planting. Providing a suitable growth medium, vermicompost increased the growth of <em>Dracocephalum moldavica</em> Therefore, organic fertilizers can be used to improve the quantitative and qualitative yield of herbs, and they are useful for medicinal applications in the perspective of this plant.تعیین زمان کاشت مطلوب گیاهان دارویی بسیار با اهمیت بوده و از عوامل مهم جهت دستیابی به عملکرد بالقوه به شمار میآید. از سوی دیگر ورمیکمپوست با در دسترس قرار دادن عناصر غذایی لازم، نقش مؤثری ایفا میکند. در این پژوهش عملکرد گیاه بادرشبو با ورمیکمپوست در تاریخهای مختلف کاشت در سال 1399-1398 در شهرستان فسا بررسی شد. این پژوهش بهصورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح بلوکهای کامل تصادفی انجام شد. فاکتور اول تاریخهای مختلف کاشت در چهار سطح (1 اسفند، 15 اسفند، 1 فروردین و 15 فروردین) و فاکتور دوم ورمیکمپوست در سه سطح (شاهد و ورمیکمپوست 5 و 10 تن در هکتار) بود. نتایج نشان داد که در تاریخ کاشت 1 اسفند، بیشترین محتوای نیتروژن (46/2 درصد)، فسفر برگ (246/0 درصد) و وزن خشک اندام هوایی بادرشبو (9530 کیلوگرم در هکتار) در تیمار 10 تن در هکتار ورمیکمپوست بهدست آمد. کاشت ﺩﻳﺮﻫﻨﮕﺎﻡ سبب تغییر در صفات فیزیولوژیکی از جمله محتوای کلروفیل و محتوای نسبی آب برگ شد. در نتیجه تأخیر در زمان کاشت باعث کاهش ارتفاع بوته، تعداد شاخه جانبی و وزن خشک اندام هوایی و ریشه گردید. بیشترین درصد اسانس به میزان 47/0 درصد در تیمار 10 تن ورمیکمپوست مشاهده شد. تاریخ کاشت 15 فروردین عملکرد اسانس را به میزان 2/35 درصد نسبت به تاریخ کاشت 1 فروردین کاهش داد. در مجموع بیشترین عملکرد بادرشبو در تیمار کاربرد 10 تن در هکتار ورمیکمپوست حاصل شد. بنابراین به نظر میرسد که تاریخ کاشت 1 اسفند و مصرف 10 تن ورمیکمپوست برای کاشت گیاه بادرشبو مناسب باشد.دانشگاه فردوسی مشهدپژوهشهای زراعی ایران2008-147219320210923The Response of Phenological Stages of Quinoa Promising Lines to Temperature and Photoperiod Regimesپاسخ مراحل فنولوژیک لاینهای امیدبخش کینوا به دما و فتوپریود2612734024210.22067/jcesc.2021.69051.1032FAشهاب اقبالی شاه آباددانشجوی دکتری دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد0000-0002-1545-1440محسن جهانگروه اگروتکنولوژی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد0000-0003-2259-5124مهدی نصیری محلاتیگروه اگروتکنولوژی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد0000-0003-0357-1733معصومه صالحیمرکز ملی تحقیقات شوری، یزد0000-0003-3805-7072Journal Article20210306<strong>Introduction</strong><br />One of the important factors in the adaptation of plants to new environmental conditions is the appropriate response of development stages to temperature and photoperiod regimes. The thermal time, growing degree days (GDD) or heat unit concept is commonly the basis for modeling phenological development in crop models for different common crops and under-utilized crops. The GDD concept describes crop development as a function of temperature accumulation above the base temperature (lower limit) and in some cases below a cut off temperature (upper limit). Evaluation of plant photoperiod sensitivity is often beneficial help to use appropriate cultivars which in turn to ensure cultivation success. Considering that adaptation of quinoa to new regions demands acclimation to appropriate temperature range also day-length, this study aimed to investigation of quinoa response to Yazd weather condition as an arid region to assess the possibility of quinoa cultivation under these conditions.<br /><strong>Materials and Methods</strong><br />This research was conducted through 10 separate experiments and were based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. The experimental treatment consisted of five lines (1, 2, 3, 4 and 5), and one cultivar (Titikaka) which belong to different maturing groups including early, middle and late maturing. Ten planting dates selected to be serial as following: March 29, April 29, May 28, June 28, July 26, August 23, September 6, September 20, January 29, and February 29. Every three days, phenological stages of each line including planting distance to each stage of development including emergence, four leaves, flower bud, panicle formation, pollination, seed filling, seed hardening and ripening were recorded accordingly. Using local weather data and equation 1 the needed GDD for every development stage was calculated:<br />GDD= (T<sub>max</sub>-T<sub>min</sub>)/2-T (1)<br />MS-Excel Ver. 15 was employed to arrange recorded data and required calculating. Fitting equations and plotting the graphs were done using Slide Write Ver. 2 and Minitab Ver. 20 software. <br /><strong>Results and Discussion</strong><br />The results showed that the mean of flowering temperature up to seed formation stage was between 25 and 30 °C for five lines and was between 20 and 25 °C in cultivar 6. The mean length of photoperiod for flowering and seed formation stage of these lines was between 12 and 12.5 hours. The relationship between temperature and day length was inversely related to the number of days of flowering stage, i.e., with decreasing day length and increasing temperature, the number of days for flowering stage was increased. The time required for flowering stage, between 20 to 30° C, for the early maturing cultivar was about 35 days, for the middle maturing lines including 1, 2, 3 and 6 was about 40 days and for the late maturing line 4 was about 45 days. At temperatures higher than 30 °C, a decreasing trend was observed in the number of days required for flowering stage. From the budding stage to the end of the growth period, a significant difference in the GDD was observed for the quinoa lines. The GDD of quinoa was the highest (2530 °C) for late maturing line (4) and was the lowest (1805 °C) for the early maturing cultivar. The effect of planting date on the GDD of quinoa lines showed that moving from March planting date to July, there was an increasing trend on the GDD of quinoa lines and by moving from July planting date to October, a decreasing trend was observed.<br /><strong>Conclusions</strong><br />In general, quinoa is a short-day plant which is affected by the day length from flowering to seed maturity stages. Line 6 responded qualitatively to day length; however, the other lines responses were quantitatively. The study of the simultaneous effect of temperature and day length showed that temperature has a compensatory effect for day length during flowering stage. According to the results, it seems that the most suitable planting date for early lines suggests in September, for middle maturing lines suggests in August and for late maturing lines suggests in August. The results also showed that line 6 is more suitable than other lines for cultivation in cold regions.از عوامل مهم در سازگاری گیاهان به شرایط محیطی جدید، تطابق مناسب مراحل نموی و امکان پیشبینی آن است. کینوا (<em>Chenopodium quinoa</em>, Willd) از خانواده تاج خروسیان، گیاهی شبهغلهای یکساله، با قابلیتهای بالا برای کشت در اغلب مناطق جهان بهویژه مناطق خشک و نیمهخشک است. افزایش تنوع در گونههای گیاهی مورد کشت و کار میتواند راهکاری حیاتی در مقابله با تغییرات اقلیمی و ایجاد ظرفیت مناسب تولید، به لحاظ کمی و کیفی در سبد غذایی باشد. این تحقیق در 10 آزمایش جداگانه، در قالب طرح بلوکهای کامل تصادفی با 3 تکرار در شهر یزد انجام شد. تیمار آزمایشی شامل 5 لاین امیدبخش و شاهد بود. 10 تاریخهای کاشت شامل: 9 فروردین، 9 اردیبهشت، 7 خرداد، 7 تیر، 4 مرداد، 1 شهریور، 14 شهریور، 29 شهریور، 9 بهمن و 10 اسفند بود. هر سه روز، مراحل فنولوژیک هر لاین شامل فاصله زمانی کاشت تا هر مرحله از نمو شامل سبز شدن، چهار برگی، ظهور جوانه گل، تشکیل پانیکول، گردهافشانی، خمیری دانه، سفت شدن دانه و تغییر رنگ ثبت شد. نتایج نشان داد که میانگین دماهای مرحله گلدهی تا تشکیل بذر در 5 لاین بین 25 تا 30 درجه سانتیگراد و در لاین 6 بین 20 تا 25 درجه سانتیگراد بود. میانگین طول روزهای مرحله گلدهی تا تشکیل بذر لاین ها بین 12 تا 5/12 ساعت بود. رابطه بین دما و طول روز از لحاظ تأثیر بر مقدار درجه روز رشد گلدهی عکس یکدیگر بود، بهطوری که با کاهش طول روز و افزایش دما، مقدار درجه روز رشد گلدهی افزایش یافت. بهطور کلی، نتایج این پژوهش، روز کوتاهی کینوا را تأیید کرد و نشان داد که این گیاه از مرحله گلدهی تا رسیدگی دانه، تحت تاثیر طول روز قرار می گیرد. همچنین، نتایج نشان داد که لاین 6، برای کشت در مناطق سردسیر مناسبتر از سایر لاینها است.دانشگاه فردوسی مشهدپژوهشهای زراعی ایران2008-147219320210923Evaluation of the Effect of Different Irrigation Regimes on the Accumulation of Some Compatible Osmolytes and the Activity of Antioxidant Enzymes in Quinoaاثر رژیمهای مختلف آبیاری بر تجمع برخی اسمولیتهای سازگار و فعالیت آنزیمهای آنتیاکسیدان در گیاه کینوا2752854028210.22067/jcesc.2021.68443.1014FAلایق مرادیدانشجوی دکترای تخصصی فیزیولوژی گیاهان زراعی گروه تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه کردستانابراهیم روحیبخش تحقیقات علوم زراعی و باغی، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان کردستان، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، سنندج، ایرانفرزاد حسین پناهیگروه تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه کردستان0000-0001-8032-6403عادل سی و سه مردهگروه تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه کردستانJournal Article20210120<strong>Introduction</strong><br />The high nutritional value of quinoa and its ability to grow under adverse environmental conditions have led to an increase in the area under cultivation globally. Quinoa has attracted particular attention in recent years due to its ability to grow under adverse environmental conditions and its high nutritional value. Water scarcity stress is one of the non-bioenvironmental stresses that has destructive effects on crops' development and yield. Morphological, physiological, and biochemical reactions of plants to water deficiency depend on several factors, including stress intensity, duration of stress, and plant growth stage. Increased proline content, glycine betaine, total carbohydrates, and decreased yield under water stress conditions have been reported in various quinoa studies. The low cost of growing quinoa and its relatively high price, on the one hand, and the need for low water and adaptation to difficult climatic conditions, on the other hand, have made quinoa cultivation very economical. Due to the lack of water resources in different parts of the country and the fact that few studies have been done on quinoa cultivation in our country, the present study was conducted to investigate the effect of different irrigation regimes on some biochemical parameters and quinoa yield.<br /><strong>Materials and Methods</strong><br />An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of irrigation intervals and amounts on the quinoa's physiological traits and yield at the University of Kurdistan research farm, located in Dehgolan plain. The experiment was arranged in a split-plot scheme based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications. Four irrigation intervals (4, 8, 12, and 16 days) were considered the main factor, and four irrigation levels (100%, 75%, 50%, and 25% of plant water requirement) were considered secondary factors. Giza1 cultivar, which was obtained from the Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, was used for cultivation. Traits such as the content of proline, glycine betaine, soluble carbohydrates, insoluble carbohydrates, catalase activity, peroxidase activity, and grain yield were studied. Data analysis of variance was performed using SAS 9.1 statistical software, and means were compared using the Duncan test at 5% probability level. Excel software was also used to draw the graphs.<br /><strong>Results and Discussion</strong><br />The effect of irrigation intervals and levels were significant on all studied traits. The study results showed that by reducing the plant's available water and increasing the irrigation intervals, the amount of proline, glycine betaine, soluble carbohydrates, insoluble carbohydrates, peroxidase activity, and catalase activity were increased, but the grain yield was decreased. Increasing the irrigation intervals from 4 to 8 days did not significantly affect grain yield, but increasing the interval to 12 and 16 days reduced grain yield by 24.4 and 44.8%, respectively. The highest grain yield was observed at full irrigation treatment (1866.5 kg.ha<sup>-1</sup>) but there was no significant difference with the treatment of 75% of the plant water requirement. The rate of yield reduction in the treatment of 25% of plant water requirement compared to the control was about 56.5%.<br /><strong>Conclusions</strong><br />The results showed that quinoa produced acceptable levels of yield even under severe drought stress, i.e., when the irrigation interval increases or the water availability decreases. Based on our results, one reason for this is stress reduction mechanisms by the quinoa plant, such as increasing the content of compatible osmolites and increasing antioxidant enzymes' activity.کمبود آب باعث ایجاد محدودیت شدید زیستمحیطی جهت تولید گیاهان زراعی میشود. گیاه کینوا با توجه به توانایی رشد تحت شرایط نامساعد محیطی و ارزش غذایی بالای آن در سالهای اخیر توجه ویژهای را به خود جلب کرده است. این آزمایش بهمنظور بررسی تاثیر دور آبیاری و سطوح مختلف آبیاری روی کینوا در سال 1398 در مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشگاه کردستان واقع در دشت دهگلان بهصورت کرتهای خرد شده در قالب طرح بلوکهای کامل تصادفی در 3 تکرار اجرا شد. چهار دور مختلف آبیاری شامل 4، 8، 12 و 16 روز آبیاری بهعنوان فاکتور اول و چهار سطح آبیاری شامل آبیاری کامل (100% نیاز آبی گیاه)، 75%، 50% و 25% نیاز آبی گیاه بهعنوان فاکتور دوم در نظر گرفته شد. نتایج حاصل از مطالعه نشان داد با کاهش آب در دسترس گیاه و افزایش فاصله دور آبیاری محتوای پرولین، گلیسین بتائین، کربوهیدراتهای محلول و نامحلول و فعالیت آنزیم پراکسیداز و کاتالاز افزایش یافت اما عملکرد دانه کاهش یافت. افزایش فاصله دور آبیاری از 4 به 16 روز عملکرد دانه را 84/44% کاهش داد، همچنین عملکرد دانه گیاهانی که به میزان 25% نیاز آبی، آبیاری شده بودند در مقایسه با شرایط شاهد 47/56% کاهش نشان داد.دانشگاه فردوسی مشهدپژوهشهای زراعی ایران2008-147219320210923Effect of Seed Priming and Encrusting Coating on Yield and Yield Components of Two Rice Cultivarsاثر پرایمینگ و پوششدار کردن بذر بر عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد دو رقم برنج2872984032710.22067/jcesc.2021.69587.1040FAشهرام نظریبخش اصلاح و تهیه بذر، موسسه تحقیقات برنج کشور، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، رشت، ایرانمریم حسینی چالتشریبخش اصلاح و تهیه بذر، موسسه تحقیقات برنج کشور، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، رشت، ایرانمهرزاد اله قلی پوربخش اصلاح و تهیه بذر، موسسه تحقیقات برنج کشور، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، رشت، ایرانJournal Article20210331<strong>Introduction</strong>: Rice (<em>Oryza sativa</em> L.) is one of the most important staple food crops in the world. However, rapid increase in world population and adverse effects of climate change, such as prolonged drought, has resulted in challenges in food security. One of the important factors in reducing rice yield can be the emergence and poor establishment of seedlings in the field. Seed treatment before sowing is the foundation for activation of seed resources that in combination with external ingredients could contribute to the efficient plant growth and high yield. Various physiological and non-physiological techniques are available for enhancing seed performance as well as to combat environmental constraints. Pre-sowing seed treatment such as seed coating and seed priming could improve the seed germination and vigor particularly under unfavorable environmental conditions.<br /><strong>Materials and Methods: </strong>In order to investigate the effect of priming and seed coating on emergence characteristics, yield and yield components of rice, a field experiment was conducted in the 2020 growing season, Rice Research Institute of Iran (RRII). The experiment was performed as a factorial in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Experimental factors include rice cultivars (Hashemi and Gohar) and treatment of rice cultivars in seven levels including 1- Priming with calcium chloride (-1.25 MPa in 24 hours), 2- Priming with potassium chloride (1.25 MPa in 24 hours), 3- Priming with zinc sulfate (concentration of 0.5 mM in 12 hours), 4- Hydropriming (48 hours) + Coating the seeds with calcium chloride, 5- Hydropriming (48 hours) + Coating With potassium chloride, 6- Hydropriming (48 hours) + coating with zinc sulfate and 7- Hydropriming (48 hours as control).<br /><strong>Results and </strong><strong>Discussion: </strong>The results showed that the highest emergence percentage with 87% and 94% and the emergence rate with 0.17 and 0.19 (1.day<sup>-1</sup>) were obtained in Hashemi and Gohar cultivars, respectively. From these results, it is inferred that Gohar cultivar has higher genetic potential and physiological quality than Hashemi cultivar. The results of mean comparison showed that the highest height of rice plant with 147 and 143 cm was observed in coating and priming with potassium chloride in Hashemi cultivar, respectively. The results of this study attributed the increase in height to the effect of pretreatment on increasing the rate of emergence and better establishment of seedlings due to better plant use of related resources. The results showed that seed pretreatment with calcium chloride, potassium chloride and zinc sulfate increased the panicle length by 27, 24 and 12% under priming and 37, 34 and 17% under seed coating, respectively. The results of the mean comparison table showed that the highest panicle weight with 1.35 and 1.32 g was observed by seed coating with potassium chloride and calcium chloride, respectively. However, priming with calcium chloride, potassium chloride and zinc sulfate also increased the cluster weight by 12, 17 and 5%, respectively, compared to the control treatment. The results showed that the highest 1000-seed weight was obtained among the two cultivars with 24.63 g in Gohar cultivar. Also, the findings of this study showed well that pretreatment of rice seeds can increase the <em>1000-seed weight</em><em>.</em> Pretreatment of rice seeds with calcium chloride, potassium chloride and zinc sulfate 10, 12 and 5% under priming and 18, 22 and 10% under seed coating, respectively, increased <em>1000-seed weight</em><em>.</em> The results of mean comparison showed that grain yield in Hashemi and Gohar cultivars were 3046 and 4929 kg.ha<sup>-1</sup>, respectively. Pretreatment of rice seeds with calcium chloride and potassium chloride 14 and 20% under priming and 19 and 23% seed coating respectively, increased rice grain yield. In general, the increase in grain yield can be due to the improvement of antioxidant properties, proper establishment and optimal use of environmental factors such as light, soil moisture and nutrients.<br /><strong>Conclusions: </strong>According to the results of this study, priming and seed coating treatments with calcium chloride and potassium chloride in rice cultivars can increase rice yield by improving seedling characteristics. Therefore, farmers can be advised to use a simple and inexpensive crop management method to pre-treat seeds with calcium chloride and potassium chloride.بهمنظور بررسی اثر پیشتیمار بذر بر عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد برنج، آزمایشی در مزرعه پژوهشی موسسه تحقیقات برنج کشور (رشت) در سال 1399 اجرا شد. آزمایش بهصورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح بلوکهای کامل تصادقی با سه تکرار انجام شد. فاکتورهای آزمایش شامل دو رقم برنج (هاشمی و گوهر) و تیمار بذر ارقام برنج در هفت سطح شامل، پرایمینگ با کلرید کلسیم (5/22 گرم در یک لیتر آب در 24 ساعت)، پرایمینگ با کلرید پتاسیم (5/22 گرم در یک لیتر آب در 24 ساعت)، پرایمینگ با سولفات روی (غلظت 5/0 میلیمولار در 12 ساعت)، هیدروپرایمینگ (48 ساعت)+پوششدار کردن بذر با کلرید کلسیم، هیدروپرایمینگ (48 ساعت)+پوششدار کردن با کلرید پتاسیم، هیدروپرایمینگ (48 ساعت)+پوششدار کردن با سولفات روی و هیدروپرایمینگ (48 ساعت بهعنوان شاهد) بود. نتایج نشان داد که رقم اصلاح شده گوهر دارای درصد و سرعت سبز شدن بالاتری نسبت به رقم بومی هاشمی بود. براساس نتایج مقایسه میانگینها نشان داد که بالاترین سرعت سبز شدن متعلق به تیمارهای پرایمینگ و پوششدار کردن بذر برنج با کلرید پتاسیم و کلرید کلسیم است. بالاترین ارتفاع بوته برنج بهترتیب در تیمار پوششدار کردن و پرایمینگ با کلرید پتاسیم در رقم هاشمی مشاهده شد. پیشتیمارهای بذر بهصورت پرایمینگ و یا پوششدار کردن بذر برنج با کلرید کلسیم، کلرید پتاسیم و سولفات روی سبب افزایش طول خوشه برنج نسبت به تیمار شاهد (هیدروپرایمینگ) شدند. در بین این تیمارها کلرید کلسیم بیشترین و سولفات روی کمترین تأثیر را بر افزایش طول خوشه نسبت به تیمار شاهد شدند. پوششدار کردن بذر با کلرید پتاسیم و کلرید کلسیم نیز باعث افزایش وزن خوشه نسبت به تیمار شاهد شدند. بیشترین عملکرد بیولوژیک و نیز عملکرد دانه در تیمار پوششدار کردن بذر با کلرید کلسیم و کلرید پتاسیم بهدست آمد. بالاترین شاخص برداشت در تیمارهای پوششدار کردن و پرایمینگ با کلرید پتاسیم مشاهده شد. بهطورکلی نتایج نشان داد پوششدار کردن بذر با کلرید کلسیم و کلرید پتاسیم موجب بهبود کارکرد بذر و در نتیجه افزایش عملکرد برنج میشود.دانشگاه فردوسی مشهدپژوهشهای زراعی ایران2008-147219320210923The Effect of Nitrogen Fertilizer and Faba Bean Density in Rotation, on Maize Nitrogen Use Efficiency under No-till Systemتاثیر کود نیتروژنی و تراکم باقلا در تناوب بر کارایی مصرف نیتروژن ذرت SC201 در سیستم بدون شخم2993094033310.22067/jcesc.2021.70506.1050FAسمانه قربیدانشجوی دکتری زراعت، گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران0000-0002-6486-6757علی عبادیگروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران0000-0002-6486-6757سعید خماریگروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران0000-0002-4926-5320مسعود هاشمیگروه علوم خاک، فیزیولوژی گیاهان زراعی، دانشگاه ماساچوست، آمریکا0000-0002-6126-4208Journal Article20210520<strong>Introduction</strong><br />Sustainable agriculture is necessary to tackling environment pollutions whilst protecting food security and reducing dependence to fossil fuels. Conservative agriculture is a sustainable system for crop production which improves crops production. No-till system is one of the methods of Conservative agriculture which decreases greenhouse gas emissions and soil erosion. Mulching is also one of the other methods of conservation agriculture which covers the soil surface with varied covering materials and decreases moisture losses and increases crops yield. Nitrogen is an essential element for plant and its deficiency causes plants growth and yield reduction. Grain legumes are a great source of protein for humans and livestock and recommended in areas under common agricultural systems within ecological focus. These crops have also the ability of biological nitrogen fixation through symbiotic bacteria with their roots, finally, produced nitrogen returns to the soil and reduces the nitrogen fertilizer demand for subsequent plants. However, only a fraction of nitrogen in their biomass will be available for the following crop. It is estimated that 41 to 50% of nitrogen fertilizer applied to Maize (<em>Zea mays</em> L.) has been lost to the environment. Thus, this experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of faba bean cover crop-rotation on forage corn.<br /><strong>Materials and Methods</strong><br />In order to study the effects of faba bean in rotation with corn, a field experiment was conducted in two growing seasons (2018-2019) at the research farm of the Agriculture and Natural Resources Faculty, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, located in Babolan village, Ardebil, Iran. Experimental treatments included faba bean densities (25, 35, 40, and 80 plants per square meter) and different levels of nitrogen fertilizer in forage corn (0, 100, 200 and 300 kg ha<sup>-1</sup>). A local small-seeded variety of faba bean was used in this experiment and 80000 plants ha<sup>-1</sup> -of corn- Single cross hybrid (201). Nitrogen fertilizer was applied as urea at the V<sub>5</sub> stage of corn development by top dressing (in three stages). At maturity stage of faba bean, samples were taken by 0.5 × 0.5m quadrat for each plot. Grain yield was determined by harvesting seeds and dried in oven 65°C for 48 h and weighted by digital scale (0.01 g). Three plant of corn were cut randomly in each plot, thereafter were weighed to determine fresh forage yield. Shoot were dried in oven 75°C for 72 h and weighted for dry matter calculation (data converted to hectare). Statistical analysis of the data was performed by using of SAS software (version 9.4). Also, significant difference between the treatment means were tested with Duncan's Multiple Range Test at P<0.05.<br /><strong>Results and Discussion</strong><br />Results indicated significant effects of faba bean plant densities on most of the traits. The maximum fresh and dry grain weight were obtained from densities of 80 and 40 plant per m<sup>2</sup>. Also, the maximum grain nitrogen and grain crude protein were observed from 25 plants per m<sup>2</sup>. 40 plant of faba bean per m<sup>2 </sup>had the highest amount of seed dry matter, protein yield, protein harvest index, and productivity effort. Also, results of interaction effects showed that various densities of faba bean and different levels of nitrogen fertilizer had significant effect on forage corn. So that, the maximum dry matter yield and production efficiency was obtained from 40 plant of faba bean per m<sup>2</sup> and application of 200 kg niterogen per ha<sup>-1</sup>. 35 plant of faba bean per m<sup>2</sup> without application of nitrogen fertilizer had the highest amount of nitrogen utilization efficiency.<br /><strong>Conclusions</strong><br />Totally, results showed that<strong> </strong>faba bean rotation with corn<strong> </strong>could be a suitable alternative method for mono-cropped maize with high utilization of nitrogen fertilizer (density of 40 plant per m<sup>2</sup> of faba bean and application of 200 kg nitrogen per ha is recommended).دستیابی همزمان به امنیت غذایی و پایداری محیطزیست یک چالش بزرگ جهانی است. بنابراین، استفاده از سیستمهای کشاورزی حفاظتی برای دستیابی به این هدف ضروری به نظر میرسد. از اینرو یک آزمایش مزرعهای طی دو سال زراعی (1397-1396 و 1398-1397) بهصورت فاکتوریل دو عاملی بر پایه طرح بلوک کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار در مزرعه دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی اجرا شد. تیمارهای آزمایشی شامل تراکمهای مختلف بوته در باقلا (25، 35، 40 و 80 بوته در متر مربع) و مقادیر مختلف نیتروژن معدنی بر پایه کود اوره در ذرت علوفهای (0، 100، 200 و 300 کیلوگرم در هکتار) بود. نتایج نشان داد که تراکم بوته باقلا بر تلاش زادآوری، عملکرد تر و خشک دانه، درصد نیتروژن و پروتئین خام موجود در دانه، عملکرد پروتئین و شاخص برداشت پروتئین دانه باقلا معنیدار P<(0.01) بود. بیشترین عملکرد دانه باقلا از تراکمهای 80 و 40 بوته در مترمربع بهترتیب با میانگین 76/3 و 65/3 تن در هکتار بهدست آمد. همچنین اثرات متقابل مقادیر مختلف کاربرد نیتروژن معدنی و تراکمهای مختلف بوته باقلا بر تولید مادهی خشک، کارایی مصرف نیتروژن و کارایی تولید ذرت علوفهای تاثیر معنیداریP<(0.01) داشت. بیشترین میزان مادهی خشک در ذرت علوفهای با میانگین 6/15 تن در هکتار از تیمار 200 کیلوگرم نیتروژن معدنی در هکتار و تراکم 40 بوته در مترمربع باقلا حاصل شد. بهطور کلی نتایج حاصل از این آزمایش نشان داد که قرارگیری باقلا در تناوب با ذرت میتواند یک روش جایگزینی مناسب برای سیستم تک کشتی ذرت با مقادیر بالای مصرف کود نیتروژنه باشد.