Effect of Seeding Density on Radiation Absorption and Use Efficiency of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Genotypes under Direct Seeding Conditions

Document Type : Research Article

Authors

• F Pouramir
• B Yaghoubi
• Y Alizade

Rice Research Institute of Iran

10.22067/gsc.v18i2.85482

Abstract

Introduction: Effective use of sunlight is a great opportunity to improve crop productivity. In conditions without growth limiting factors, there is a linear relationship between radiation absorption and dry matter production in plants, that the slope of this relationship is radiation use efficiency. In addition to genotyping, radiation use efficiency is affected by crop management. Changes in density of rice varieties by affecting leaf area index and light extinction coefficient change the amount of absorption and distribution of light within the canopy and thus affect dry matter production. Therefore, the response of different rice cultivars to change in density is not same. According to this, the present study was carried out to investigate the radiation absorption and efficiency of use and also determine the light extinction coefficient in new and old rice cultivars at different direct seeding densities in Rasht climatic conditions.
Material and Methods: The present experiment was carried out as a factorial based on randomized complete block design with three replications at research field of Rice Research Institute of Iran-Rasht. Treatments included five levels of densities (65, 80, 95, 110, and 125 kg ha-1) and three levels of cultivar (Taher (promising line), Anam and Hashemi). Sampling was performed once every two weeks, 25 days after emergence. Sampling was performed with 0.5×0.5 m quadrates to measure leaf area, dry weight, and radiation in different treatments.
Results and Discussion: The results showed that the interaction effect of cultivar and density on radiation use efficiency, LAI, grain and biological yield were significant. Harvest index was affected only by density and light extinction coefficient was not affected by any density and cultivar treatments. The highest grain yield of Taher (6380 kg ha-1) and Anam cultivars (6100 kg ha-1) were obtained in 95 kg ha-1 density, while the highest yield of Hashemi cultivar (5490 kg.ha-1) was observed in 110 kg ha-1 density. Grain yield followed biological yield, and treatments with higher biological yield had higher grain yield. The highest leaf area index (5.63) was observed in Hashemi cultivar and 110 kg ha-1 density in 70 days after emergence. At this stage, the lowest leaf area index (4.21) was observed in Taher cultivar at 65 kg ha-1 density. Although, in the early stages of growth, higher densities had a higher rate of leaf area expansion, but the highest leaf area index did not differ significantly between 95, 110, and 125 kg ha-1 densities. The light extinction coefficient of this experiment varied from 0.4 to 0.5 in different cultivars and densities and Taher cultivar had the higher light extinction coefficient. Although, no significant difference was observed between treatments. The highest grain yield of Taher (6380 kg ha-1) and Anam (6100 kg ha-1) cultivars were obtained in 95 kg ha-1 density, but the highest yield of Hashemi (5490 kg ha-1) was obtained in 110 kg ha-1. In this study, the highest (3.06 g MJ-1 PAR) and the lowest (2.20 g MJ-1 PAR) radiation use efficiency were observed at 95 and 125 kg ha-1 of Taher cultivar, respectively. In all cultivars, the lowest radiation use efficiency was observed at density of 125 kg ha-1. Anam and Taher cultivars had the highest radiation absorption (773 and 852 MJ-1 PAR, respectively) during the growing season at 95 kg ha-1. Although, the highest radiation absorption of Hashemi (880 MJ-1 PAR) cultivar was obtained at 110 kg ha-1 density.
Conclusions: The results showed that Taher cultivar had the highest grain and biological yield compared to Anam and Hashemi cultivars. Based on yield, the best density was 95 kg ha-1 for Anam and Taher cultivars and 110 kg ha-1 for Hashemi cultivar. Increasing the density of rice cultivars to the optimum level increased the radiation absorption and use efficiency. There was a positive correlation between radiation absorption and efficiency with biological and grain yield of rice cultivars.

Keywords

• Hashemi cultivar
• Leaf Area Index
• Light extinction coefficient
• Shading

20.1001.1.20081472.1399.18.2.7.4

---

References

1. Akita, K., and Tanaka, N. 1992. Effects of planting density and planting patterns of young seedlings transplanting on the growth and yield of rice plants. Japanese Journal of Crop Science 61: 80-86.

2. Akmal, M., and Janssens, M. J. J. 2004. Productivity and light use efficiency of perennial ryegrass with contrasting water and nitrogen supplies. Field Crops Research 88: 143-155.

3. Ala, A., Aghaalikhani, M., Amiri Larijani, B., and Soofizadeh, S. 2014. Radiation Use Efficiency of Rice Cultivars in Transplanting and Direct Cropping System in Interference with Weed. Iranian Journal of Field Crop Science 45 (1): 147-160. (in Persian with English abstract).

4. Awal, M. A., Koshi, H., and Ikeda, T. 2006. Radiation interception and use by maize/peanut intercrop canopy. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 139: 74-83.

5. Ball, R. A., McNew, R., Vories, E. D., Keisling, T. C., and Purcell, L. C. 2001. Path analyses for population density effects on short-season yield. Agronomy Journal 93: 187-195.

6. Beheshti, A., Koocheki, A., and Nassiri Mahalati, M. 2002. The effect of planting pattern on light interception and radiation use efficiency in canopy of three maize cultivars. Seed and Plant Improvement Journal 18: 417-431. (in Persian with English abstract).

7. Brisson, N. C., Gary, E., Justes, R., Roche, B., Mary, D., Ripoche, D., Zimmer, J., Sierra, P., Bertuzzi, P., Burger, F., Bussiere, Y. M., Cabidoche, P., Cellier, P., Debaeke, J. P., Gaudillere, C., Henault, F., Maraux, B., Seguin, B. and Sinoquet. B. 2003. An overview of the crop model STICS. Eroupean Journal of Agronomy 18: 309-332.

8. Ceotto, E., and Castelli, F. 2002. Radiation use efficiency in flue-cured tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.): Response to nitrogen supply, climatic variability and sink limitation. Field Crops Research 74: 117-130.

9. Chen, S., Yin, M., Zheng, X., Liu, Sh., Chu, G., Xu, Ch., Wang, D., and Zhang X. 2019. Effect of dense planting of hybrid rice on grain yield and solar radiation use in southeastern china. Agronomy Journal 111: 1-10.

10. Gallagher, J. L., and Biscoe, P. V. 1978. Radiation absorption, growth and yield of cereals. Journal of Agricultural Science 91: 47-60.

11. Holshouser, D. L., and Wittaker, J. P. 2002. Plant population and row spacing effects on early soybean productions systems in the mid-Atlantic USA. Agronomy journal 94: 603-611.

12. Huang, M., Tang, Q. Y., Ao, H. J., and Zhou, Y. B. 2017. Yield potential and stability in super hybrid rice and its production strategies. Journal of Integrative Agriculture 16: 1009-1017.

13. Huang, M., Chen, J., Cao, F., Jiang, L., Zou, Y., and Deng, G. 2016. Improving physiological N-use efficiency by increasing harvest index in rice: a case in super-hybrid cultivar Guiliangyou 2. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science 62: 725-743.

14. Katsura, K., Maeda, S., Lubis, I., Horie, T., Cao, W., and Shiraiwa, T. 2008. The high yield of irrigated rice in Yunnan China: a cross-location analysis. Field Crops Research 101: 1-11.

15. Katsura, K., Okami, M., Mizonuma, H., and Kato, Y. 2010. Radiation use efficiency, N accumulation and biomass production of high-yielding rice in aerobic culture. Field Crops Research 117: 81-89.

16. Kemanian, A. R., Stockle, C. O., and Huggins, D. R. 2004. Variability of barley radiation use efficiency. Crop Science 44: 1662-1672.

17. Kiniry, J. R., Tischler, C. R., and van Esbroeck, G. A. 1999. Radiation use efficiency and leaf CO2 exchange for divers C4 grasses. Biomass and Bioenergy 17: 95-112.

18. Lancashire, P. D., Bleiholder, H., Langeluddecke, P., Stauss, R., van den Boom, T., Weber, E., and Witzen-Berger, A. 1991. A uniform decimal code for growth stages of crops and weeds. Annals of Applied Biology 119: 561-601.

19. Lindqueist, J. L., Timothy, J. A., Daniel, T. W., Kenneth, G. C., and Achim, D. 2005. Maize radiation use efficiency under optimal growth conditions. Agronomy Journal 97: 72-78.

20. Lin, X.-Q., Zhu, D. F., Chen, H. Z., and Zhang. Y. P. 2009. Effects of plant density and nitrogen application rate on grain yield and nitrogen uptake of super hybrid rice. Rice Science 16: 138-142.

21. Liu,K., Yang, R., Lu, J., Wang, X., Lu, B., Tian, X., and Zhang Y. 2019. Radiation use efficiency and source-sink changes of super hybrid rice under shade stress during grain-filling stage. Agronomy Journal 111: 1788-1798.

22. Marcelis, L. F., Heuvelink, M., E., and Goudriaan, J. 1998. Modeling biomass production and yield of horticultural crops: A review. Scientia Horticulture 74: 83-111.

23. Monteith, J. L. 1977. Solar radiation and productivity in tropical ecosystems. Journal of Applied Ecology 9: 747-766.

24. Mosavi, H., Alami, S., Fathi, Gh., Siahpoosh, A., and Gharineh, M. 2012. Effect of planting density and herbicide on control of barley in direct rice cultivation in Ahwaz. Applied Field Crop Research 90: 83-92. (in Persian with English abstract).

25. Peng, S., Khush, G. S., Virk, P., Tang, Q., and Zou, Y. 2009. Progress in ideotype breeding to increase rice yield potential. Field Crops Research 108: 32-38.

26. Peng, S. 2000. Single-leaf and canopy photosynthesis of rice. Studies Plant Science 7: 213-228.

27. Normile, D. 2008. Reinventing rice to feed the world. Science 321: 330-333.

28. Purcell, L. C., Rosalind A., Ball, J. D., Reaper, I., and Vories E. D. 2002. Radiation use efficiency and biomass production in soybean at different plant population densities. Crop science 42: 172-177.

29. Rosati, A., Metcalf, S. G., and Lampinen, B. D. 2004. A simple method to estimate photosynthetic radiation use efficiency of canopies. Annals of Botany 93: 567-574.

30. Saitoh, K., Shimoda, H., and Ishihara, K. 1990. Characteristics of dry matter production process in high yielding rice varieties. I. Canopy structure and light intercepting characteristics. Japanese Journal of Crop Science 51: 130-139.

31. San-oh, Y., Tomizawa, Y., Mano, Y., Ookawa, T., and Hirasawa, T. 2002. Characteristics of dry matter production in rice plants, cultivar Takanari, sown directly in submerged paddy field compared with conventionally transplanted plants. Japanese Journal of Crop Science 71: 317-327.

32. San-oh, Y., Oclarit, P., Ookawa, T., Motobayashi, T., and Hirasawa, T. 2006. Effects of planting pattern on the interception of solar radiation by the canopy and the light extinction coefficient of the canopy in rice plants direct-sown in a submerged paddy field. plant production science 9 (3): 334-342.

33. Sinclair, T. R. 2006. A reminder of the limitations of using Beer, s Law to estimate daily radiation interception by vegetation. Crop Science 46: 2343-2347.

34. Sinclair, T. R., and T. Horie. 1989. Leaf nitrogen, photosynthesis, and crop radiation use efficiency: a review. Crop Science 29: 90-98.

35. Sinclair, T. R., and Muchow, C. 1999. Radiation use efficiency. Advances in Agronomy 35: 215-265.

36. Stewart, D. W., Costa, C., Dwyer, L. M., Smith, D. L., Hamilton, R. I., and Ma, B. L. 2003. Canopy structure, light interception, and photosynthesis in maize. Agronomy Journal 95: 1465-1474.

37. Tsubo, M., Walker, S., and Mukhala, E. 2001. Comparisons of radiation use efficiency of mono-/inter-cropping systems with different row orientations. Field Crops Research 71: 17-29.

38. Vargas, L. A., Andersen, M. N., Jensen, C. R., and Orgenses, V. J. 2002. Estimation of leaf area index, light interception and biomass accumulation of Miscanthus sinensis ‘Goliath’ from radiation measurements. Biomass and Bioenergy 22: 1-14.

39. Wang, Q., Zhang, Q., Fan, D., and Lu, C. 2006. Photosynthetic light and CO2 utilization and C4 traits of two novel super-rice hybrids. Journal of Plant Physiology 163: 529-537.

40. Wang, D., M. R. Laza, K. G. Cassman, J. L. Huang, L. X., and Nie, X. X. 2016. Temperature explains the yield difference of double-season rice between tropical and subtropical environments. Field Crops Research 198: 303-311.

41. Wu, X. 2009. Prospects of developing hybrid rice with super high yield. Agronomy Journal 101: 688-695.

42. Xu, Y. F., Ookawa, T., and Ishihara, K. 1997. Analysis of the dry matter production process and yield formation of the highyielding rice cultivar Takanari, from 1991 to 1994. Japanese Journal of Crop Science 66: 42-50.

43. Zhang, L., Vanderwerf, W., Bastiaans, L., Zhang, S., and Spiertz, J. H. 2008. Light interception and utilization in relay intercrops of wheat and cotton. Field Crops Research 107: 29-42.

44. Zhang, Y., Tang, Q., Zou, Y., Li, D., Qin, J., Yang, Sh., Chen, L., Xia, B. and Peng, P. 2009. Yield potential and radiation use efficiency of ‘‘super’’ hybrid rice grown under subtropical conditions. Field Crops Research 114: 91-98.

45. Zeng, L., and Shanon, M. 2000. Effects of salinity on grain yield and yield components of rice at different seeding densities. Agronomy Journal 92: 418-423.