Quantifying Leaf Development of Different Wheat Cultivars: I- Production and Senescence of Main Stem Leaves in the Field

Document Type : Research Article

Authors

1 Rmhormoz branch, Islamic Azad University

2 Gorgan Universityof Agricultural Science and Natural Resources

Abstract

Introduction
A major component in a crop growth model is leaf area development, which has crucial influence on photosynthesis and transpiration. Leaf area development involves the appearance of new leaves, expansion of the newly emerged leaves and senescence of old leaves. Modeling of the leaf growth has been extensively studied in many crops including cereals. Methods of predicting leaf area development are diverge from those dealing with the individual component processes of leaf growth viz. leaf appearance, leaf expansion and leaf death to the models predicting leaf growth at the whole plant or whole crop levels. Leaf appearance and expansion are most sensitive growth processes to environmental conditions and their dependence on temperature revealed in a range of cereals including wheat and barley and legumes including cowpea and soybean. Effects of temperature on leaf appearance rates are usually quantified using some form of thermal time. Air temperature above the canopy has most frequently been used to calculate thermal time. Genetic differences in senescence have also been reported among crop genotypes. Quantitative information regarding leaf area development in wheat especially in environmental conditions with high temperatures for the purpose of crop modeling is scarce. Furthermore, genotypic variations have not been evaluated. Therefore, the goal of this research was to determine parameters related to leaf production and senescence in wheat cultivars in warm environmental conditions.
Materials and Methods
The aim of this study was to quantify leaf production and senescence of 15 different wheat cultivars. Two field experiments with 15 wheat cultivars (Atrak, Bayat, Chamran, Chenab, Dez, Ineia, Kavir, Marvdasht, Shiraz, S78-18, Yavaroos and shova-Mald) were conducted at the research farm of the Islamic Azad University of Ramhormoz Branch, south-western of Iran in 2005-6 and 2006-7 using a randomized complete block design with four replications. The relationship between main stem leaf numbers (HS) versus degree-days was described using bi-linear regression model.
Results and Discussion
The results indicated that leaf production on main stem started with receiving 108.5 degree-days after sowing. The leaf appearance rate and along with it phyllochron had no significant across all data. Mean leaf appearance rate ranged from 0.0047 to 0.0082 leaf/˚Cd. At 13 out of 15 cultivars. The cession time (degree-days) of effective leaf production on main stem was not significantly different and ranged from 831.0 to 852.0 ˚C d. Leaf senescence on the main stem started when the main stem had about 4-6 leaves and proceeded at a rate of 0.065 % per each unit increase in degree-days. The relationships found in this study can be used in simulation models of wheat.

Conclusions
Based on results, there was no significant difference between wheat cultivars in terms of parameters related to leaf production and senescence on main stem except the time of cessation of the linear increase in leaf number on main stem. The relationships presented in this study describe leaf production and senescence under well-watered condition and reflect the effects of carbon and nitrogen availability and remobilization under these conditions. However, they do not account for the effects of shortage of carbon, nitrogen or water on leaf development. Other relationships are required to predict these effects.

Keywords

References

1. Baker, C. K., Pinter, P. J., Reginato, R. J., and Kanemasu, E. T. 1986. Effects of temperature on leaf appearance in spring and winter wheat cultivars. Agronomy Journal 78: 605-613.
2. Bauer, A., Frank, A. B., and Black, A. L. 1984. Estimation of leaf growth and anthesis from air temperature. Agronomy Journal 76: 829- 835.
3. Benbella, M., and Paulsen, G. M. 1998. Efficacy of treatments for delaying senescence of wheat leaves: II. Senescence and grain yield under field conditions. Agronomy Journal 90: 332-338.
4. Birch, C. J., Andrieu, B., Fournier, C., and Room, I. V. P. 2003. Modelling kinetics of plant canopy architecture-/concepts and Applications. European Journal of Agronomy. 19: 519- 533.
5. Biscoe, P. V., and Willington, V. B. A. 1985. Crop physiological studies in relation to mathematical models. In: Day, W., Atkin, R.K. (Eds.), Wheat Growth and Modelling. Plenum Press, New York, pp. 57-269.
6. Borras, L., Maddonni, G. A., and Otegui, M. E. 2003. Leaf senescence in maize hybrids: plant populations, row spacing and kernel set effects. Field Crops Research 82: 13-26.
7. Cao, W., and Moss, D. N. 1989. Temperature effect on leaf emergence and phylochron in wheat and barley. Crop Science 29: 1018-1021.
8. Carberry, P. S., Hammer, G. L., and Muchow, R. C. 1993. Modelling genotypic and environmen‌tal control of leaf area dynamics in grain sorghum. II. Individual leaf level. Field Crops Research 33: 311-328.
9. Frank, A. B., and Bauer, A. 1995. Pyllochron differences in wheat, barley, and forage grasses. Crop Science 35: 19-23.
10. Hammer, G. L., Hill, K., and Schrodter, G. N. 1987. Leaf area production and senescence of diverse grain sorghum hybrids. Field Crops Research 17: 305-317.
11. Haun, J. R. 1973. Visual quantification of wheat development. Agronomy Journal 65: 116-119.
12. Hay, R. K. M., and Delecolle, R. 1989. The setting of rates of development of wheat plants at crop emergence: Influence of the environment on rates of leaf appearance. Annals of Applied Biology 115: 333-341.
13. Ishag, H. M., Mohamed, B. A., and Ishag, K. H. M. 1998. Leaf development of spring wheat cultivars in an irrigated heat-stressed environment. Field Crops Research 58: 167-175.
14. Jafari, M. 2008. Modeling the effect of density on wheat leaf production and senescence. MSc thesis. Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences & Natural resources. Iran. 94 pp. (in Persian with English abstract).
15. Jamieson, P. D., Brooking, I. R., Porter, J. R., and Wilson, D. R. 1995. Prediction of leaf appearance in wheat: A question of temperature. Field Crops Research 41: 35-44.
16. John R., Porter, J. R., and Gawith, M. 1999. Temperatures and the growth and development of wheat: a review. European Journal of Agronomy 10 (2): 23-36.
17. Kiniry, J. R. 1991. Maize phasic development. In: Hanks, RJ., and J.T. Ritchie. (Eds), Modeling Plant and Soil Systems. ASA, CSSA, and SSSA, Madisom, WI. pp: 55-69.
18. Kirby, E. J. M. 1990. Co-ordination of leaf emergence and leaf and spikelet primordium initiation in wheat. Field Crops Research 25: 253-264.
19. Kirby, E. J. M., and Perry, M. W. 1987. Leaf emergence rates of wheat in a Mediter‌ranean environment. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 38: 455-464.
20. Kirby, E. J. M. 1988. Analysis of leaf, stem and ear growth in wheat from terminal spikelet stage to anthesis. Field Crops Research 18: 127-140.
21. Klepper, B., Rickman, R. W., and Peterson, C. M. 1982. Quantitative characterization of vegetative development in small cereal grains. Agronomy journal 74: 789-792.
22. Maddah-Yazdi, V., Soltani, A., Kamkar, B., and Zeinali, E. 2008. Comparative physiology of wheat and chickpea: leaves production and senescence. Journal of Agricultural Science and Natural Resources 15 (4): 36-44. (in Persian).
23. Massawe, F. J., Azam, S. N., and Roberts, A. 2005. The impact of temperature on leaf appearance in bambara groundnut landraces. Crop Science 43: 1357-1379.
24. McMaster, G. S., Wilhelm, W. W., Palic, D. B., Porter, J., and Jamieson, P. D. 2003. Spring Wheat Leaf Appea rance and Temperature: Extending the Paradigm? Annals of Botuny 91: 697-705.
25. McMaster, G. S., and Wilhelm, W. W. 1997. Growing degree-days: one equation, two interpretation. Agricultural and Forest Metrology 87: 289-298.
26. Ritchie, J. T., and Otter, S. 1985. Description and performance of CERES-Wheat: a user-oriented wheat yield model. In: ARS Wheat Yield Project, Tech. Info. Service Springfield, Missouri. Pp. 159-175.
27. Ritchie, J. T., and Smith, D. S. 1991. Temperature and crop development. In: Hanks, R.J., Ritchie, J.T (Eds.), Modeling Plant and Soil Systems. Agronomy No. 31, pp. 5-29.
28. Robertson, M. J., Carberry, P. S., Huth, N. R., Turpin, J. E., Probert, M. E., Poulton, P. L., Bell, M., Wright, G. E., Yeates, S. J., and Brinsmead, R. B. 2002. Simulation of growth and development of diverse legume species in APSIM. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 53: 429-446.
29. Schulz, E. D., Beck, E., and Hohenstein, K. M. 2005. Plant Ecology. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York.
30. Sinclair T. R., Gilbert, R. A., Perdomo, R. E., Shine, J. M., Powell, G., and Montes, G. 2004. Sugarcane leaf area development under field conditions in Florida, USA. Field Crops Research 88: 171-178.
31. Sinclair, T. R., and Jamieson, P. D. 2006. Grain number, wheat yield, and bottling beer: An analysis. Field Crops Research 98: 60-67.
32. Slafer, G. A., and Savin, R. 1991. Developmental Base Temperature in Different Phenological Phases of Wheat (Triticum aestivum). Journal of Experimental Botany 42 (241): 1077-1082.
33. Slafer, G. A., and Rawson, H. M., 1995. Photoperiod×temperature interactions in contrasting wheat genotypes: time to heading and final leaf number. Field Crops Research 44: 73-83.
34. Soltani, A. 2007. Application of SAS in Statistical Analysis, JMD Press, Mashhad, Iran, 182 p. (in Persian).
35. Soltani, A., Robertson, M. J., Mohammad-Nejad, Y., and Rahemi-Karizaki, A. 2006. Modeling chickpea growth and development: Leaf production and senescence. Field Crops Research 99: 14-23.
36. Streck, N. A., Weiss-Xue, Q., and Baenziger, P. S. 2003. Incorporating a chronology Response into the Predicting of leaf appearance Rate in winter wheat. Annals of Botany 92: 843-892.
37. Volk, T., and Bugbee, B. 1991. Modeling leaf emergence rate in wheat and barley. Crop Science 31: 189-224.
38. Xue, Q., Weiss, A., and Baenziger, P. S. 2004. Predicting leaf appearance in field grown winter' wheat: evaluating liner and non-liner models. Ecological Modelling 175: 261-270.
39. Zadoks, J. C., Chang, T. T., and Konzak, C. F. 1974. Decimal code for the growth stages of cereals. Weed Research 14: 415-422.
Send comment about this article
CAPTCHA Image

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 23 June 2017
  • Revise Date: 06 September 2017
  • Accept Date: 05 December 2017
  • First Publish Date: 22 June 2018

Share

How to cite

Statistics