The Effect of Weeds Interference Time and Plant Density on Weeds Control and Broad Bean (Vicia faba L.) Yield

Document Type : Research Article

Authors

• M Dabaghzadeh ¹
• Gh Fathi ²
• A Bakhshandeh ³
• Kh Alami-Saeid ³

¹ University of Agriculture and Natural Resources Ramin, Mollasany

² Ramin Agric. & Natur. Resources Univ. of Khouzestan

³ University of Agriculture and Natural Resources Ramin

10.22067/gsc.v14i2.53116

Abstract

Introduction
Broad bean (Vicia faba L.) belongs to the Fabaceae family and is the most important protein plant in the world. Although broad bean used as cover crop is able to deal with weeds, but the evidence show that yield of the plant decreased 32-82% because of competition with weeds. Using crop density is one of the ecological approaches in weed management. Broad bean density can produce biomass, weed competition, seed yield and ultimately influence the economic yield. Many reports show that increasing crop density reduced negative effects of weeds. The aim of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of weeds interference and different densities of broad bean on density and biomass of weeds and broad bean seed yield.
Materials and Methods
The experiment was carried out as split plot in randomized complete block, with four replications, during 2009-2010 in a field experiment at Ramin Agricultural and Natural Resources University, Ahwaz. Weeds interference was investigated on 5 levels, including V5, V9, V13 broad-bean phonological stages, full season weeding and full season weeds interference selected as main plots, and broad-bean density on 3 levels: including 8, 11 and 14 plants m-2 as subplots. Density, dry weight and diversity of weeds and seed yield of broad bean were evaluated.
Results and Discussion
The results showed that the weeds including wild beet, field bindweed and mallow had the highest occurrence (26.35, 21.17 and 18.46 plants m-2 respectively) in V9 broad-bean phonological stage, where the peak abundance of weeds was observed. The frequency of mallow, clover and yellow alfalfa were high until V5 broad-bean phonological stage, but in the next stages, they were replaced by other weeds and sorrel. It was also observed that the environmental factors can affect composition of weeds, for example, as the temperature increased in the early spring, an increase in the density of field bindweed was recorded. In the treatment of 8 plants m-2 of broad-beans, the highest frequency was recorded for mallow, clover and wild beet (15.2, 14.18 and 13.68 plants m-2). With the increased interference time period, from V9 broad-bean phenological stage on, the weed density was reduced due to "within species"(intra_species) competition of weeds and "between species" (inter_species) competition of weeds and the crop. As the time period of weeds interference increased, the dry weight reached its highest level, so that in full season weeding treatment, it reached 172.99 g m-2. Increasing the density of broad-bean from 8 to -14 plants m-2, decreased the weeds total dry weight from 92.42 to 83.76 g m-2 .Also increasing the weeds interference duration, reduced the seed yield, so that the highest yield, with the average of 2473.5 kg ha-1, was obtained in full season weeding treatments. Among the treatments of broad-bean density, the highest seed yield of 1342 kg ha-1 in average, was obtained from density treatment of 14 plants m-2. Among the treatments of interaction, weeds interference and Broad-bean density, Broad-bean density had a significant effect on the seed yield. The highest seed yield was observed in full season weeding treatment and the density of 14 plants m-2, with an average of 2699.87 kg ha-1, and the lowest seed yield was recorede in the treatment of full season interference and density of 14 plants m-2 with an average of 228.309 kg ha-1.
Considering the results of this study, where weeding is not to be applied in V13 broad -bean phenological stage and next stages, the minimum density (8 plants m-2) is recommended, because density had no significant effect on broad-bean yield, this would reduce the cost of production.
Conclusions
It can be concluded that increasing the duration of weeds interference, reduced the seed yield and weeds density while it increased the weeds dry weight. Increased broad-bean density, also, reduced the density and dry weight of all the weeds. The best time to control weeds for optimum performance of broad-bean, was prior toV13 broad-bean phenological stage.

Keywords

• Species diversity
• Weeds density
• Weeds dry weight

20.1001.1.20081472.1395.14.2.1.0

---

References

1- Aghaalikhani, M., Yadavi, A.R., and Modarres Sanavy, S. A. M. 2005. Critical period of weed control of Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in Lordegan. Scientific Journal of Agriculture 28(1): 111-125. (In Persian with English abstract).

2- Aldrich, R. J. 1984. Weed-Crop Ecology: Principles of Weed Management. Breton Publishers, North Scituate, Mass. 448p.

3- Anafjeh, Z., Fathi, G., Ebrahimpour, F., Zand, E., and Chaab, A. 2008. Study on competitiveness of wild oat (Avena fatua L.) with wheat (Triticum aesativum L.) chamran cultivar. Iranian Journal of Weed Science 4(1): 35-46. (In Persian with English abstract).

4- Anafjeh, Z., Fathi, G., Alami-Said, Kh., Zand, E., and Choab, A. 2009. Response of canola (Brasica napus L.) to plant densities of mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.) with emphasis on agonomic control. Iranian Journal of Crop Sciences 11(2): 109-122. (In Persian with English abstract).

5- Ayeneh Band, A. 2006. Effect of previous crop and the weeding time on weed populations in Grass Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.). Scientific Journal of Agriculture 29(3): 51-60. (In Persian with English abstract).

6- Azim Khan, M., and Marwat, K.B. 2006. Impact of crop and weed densities on competition between wheat and Silybum marianum gaertn. Pakistan Journal Biological Science 38(4): 1205- 1215.

7- Boroomandan, P., Khoramivafa, M., Hafhi, Y., and Ebrahimi, A. 2009. The effect of Nitrogen starter fertilizer and plant density on yield. Yield components and oil and protein content of Soybean (Glycin max L. Merr). Pakistan Journal of Biological Science 12(4): 378-382.

8- Bukun, B. 2004. Critical period for weed control in cotton in turkey. Weed Research 44: 404-412.

9- Chaichi, M.R., and Ehteshami, S.M.R. 2001. The effect of weeding time on species composition, density and dry weight of weeds in soybean. Iranian Journal of Agriculture Science 32(1): 107-119. (In Persian with English abstract).

10- Chaudhary, S.U., Hussain, M., Ali, M.A., and Iqbal, J. 2008. Effect of weed competiton period on yield and yield components of wheat. Journal of Agricultural Research 46(1): 47-54.

11- Dieleman, A., Hamil, A.S. Weise, S.F. and Swanton, C.J. 1995. Empirical models of pigweed (Amaranthus spp.) interference in soybean (Glycin max L.). Weed Science 43: 612-618.

12- Ehteshami, M.R., Chaichi, M.R., Galeshi, S., and Khales Roo, S. 2006. The effect of weeding time on yield and yield components in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr]. Journal of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources 12(6): 71-77. (In Persian with English abstract).

13- Fallah, S., and Nemati, A.R. 2007. Effects of density and weeding Time on weeds and Autumn Chickpea dry matter. Journal of Agricultural research, water, soil and agricultural plants 7(3): 165-176. (In Persian with English abstract).

14- Ghanbari Birgani, D., Sakhavat, R., Asroush, S., and Shimi, P. 2004. Evaluation of the effects of herbicide treatments and plant population on weed density and yield of broad bean. Iranian Journal of Crop Sciences 5(4): 315-327. (In Persian with English abstract).

15- Hadizadeh, M., Norozzadeh, S., and Rahimian, H. 2002. Effects of row spacing and weed free period on yield and yield components of cotton. Applied Entomology and Phytopathology 69(2): 171-189.

16- Harrison, S.K. 1990. Interference and seed production by common Lambs quarters (Chenopodium album L.) in Soybean (Glycin max L.). Weed Science 38: 113-118.

17- Lym, R.G., and Travnicek, A.J. 2015. Identification and control of invasive and troublesome weeds in north dakota 1-76. Available from: htpp://www.agdepartment.com/NoxiousWeeds. accessed May 2015.

18- Kavurmaci, Z., Karadavut, U., kokten, K., and Bakoglu, A. 2010. Determination critical period of weed-crop competition in Faba bean (Vicia Faba L). International Journal of Agriculture & Biology 12(2): 318-320.

19- Kazemeini, S.A., M. Edalat, A. Shekoofa, and R. Hamidi. 2010. Effects of nitrogen and plant density on Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) Yield and Yield components in Southern Iran. Journal of Applied Science 10(14): 1461-1465.

20- Khademhamzeh, H.R., Karimie, M., Rezaie, A., and Ahmadie, M. 2004. Effect of plant Density and Planting Date on Agronomic Characteristics, Yield and Yield Components in Soybean. Iranian Journal Agriculture Science 35(2): 257-367. (In Persian with English abstract).

21- Kristensen, L., Olsen, J. and Weiner, J. 2008. Crop density, sowing pattern, and nitrogen fertilization effects on weeds suppression and yield in spring wheat. Weed Science 56: 97-102.

22- Lak, M.R., Dorri, H.R., and Farahani, L. 2013. Effect of weeds interference on yield and yield components of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). Iranian Journal of Weeds Science 9(1): 65-78. (In Persian with English abstract).

23- Lopez-bellido, F.J., Lopez-Bellido, L., and Lopez-Bellido, R.J. 2005. Competition, growth and yield of faba bean (Vicia faba L.). European Journal Agronomy 23: 359–378.

24- Makarian, H., Banaian, M., Rahimian, H., and Isadi Darbandi, E. 2003. Planting date and population density influence on competitiveness of corn (Zea mays L.) with redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.). Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research 2: 271-279. (In Persian with English abstract).

25- Mousavi, S.K., Pezeshkpour, P., and Shahverdi, M. 2007. Weed population response to chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) variety, and planting date. Journal of Water and Soil Science 11(40): 167-177. (In Persian with English abstract).

26- Nurse, E.R., and Ditommaso, A. 2005. Corn competition alters the germinability of velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti L.) seeds. Weed Science 53: 479-488.

27- Paolini, R, Faustini, F., Saccardo, F. and Crino, P. 2006. Competitive interactions between chickpea genotypes and weeds. Weed Research 46: 335-344.

28- Raycheva, T. 2011. Rumex confertus L. (polygonaceae) in the Bulgarian flora. Botanica Serbica 35(1): 55-59.

29- Saeidi Nezhad, M., and Saffari, M. 2013. The effects of different time of weed control on yield and yield components of corn (Zea mays L.) hybrids in different densities. Journal of Agronomy Sciences 6(9): 67-78. (In Persian with English abstract).

30- Stoller, E.W., Harrison, S.K., Wax, L.W., Regnier, E.E. and Nafziger, E.D. 1987. Weed interference in soybeans (Glycin max L.). Review Weed Science 3: 155-181.