The Effect of External Usage of Glycine Betaine on Corn (zea mays l.) in Drought Condition

Document Type : Research Article

Authors

• H. R Miri ¹
• A Zamani Moghadam ²

¹ Islamic Azad University

² Islamic Azad University, Arsanjan Brannch

10.22067/gsc.v12i4.24221

Abstract

Drought is one of the most important factors limiting crop growth and therefore use of practice to reduce its adverse effect is very important. In order to study the effect of glycine betaine on corn under drought condition an experiment was conducted as split-split plot in the base of randomized complete blocks design. The first factor was irrigation interval cycle (4 and 8 days) and second factor including different concentrations of glycine betaine (zero, 50 ppm, 100 ppm,150 ppm) and third was spraying in two stages (stem elongation stage and before flowering). Analysis of variance showed that effects of three factors on all of traits except for carotenoids were significant. However, foliar application of glycine betaine reduced effect of drought stress conditions on the plant so that extent of chlorophyll (a and b), plant height, yield and 1000 grain weight increased significantly. Spraying by glycine betaine caused improving plant performance in stress conditions, so that in the concentration of 150 ppm produced the highest quality in all of traits that preference was more evident before flowering. By considering these results it could be said that spraying with 150 ppm of glycine betaine before flowering in the condition of stress and without drought stress could improve the extent of chlorophyll (a and b), plant height, yield and yield components. Eventually it could be concluded that external glycine betaine with 150 ppm concentration while spraying before flowering had great positive effects and usage of that material is affected by time of application concentration and more stress severity.

Keywords

• compatible solutes
• osmotic adjustment
• stress tolerance
• Irrigation

---

References

1- پازوکی، ع. 1379. بررسی و اندازه گیری اثر تنش آب بر ویژگی های فیزیولوژیک و شاخص های مختلف مقاومت به خشکی دو رقم کلزا. رساله دکتری. دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد علوم تحقیقات تهران

2- حیدری شریف آباد، ح. 1380. گیاه و شوری. انتشارات موسسه تحقیقات جنگل ها و مراتع. 34-36.

3- کافی، م.، م. لاهوتی، ا. زند، ح. ظریفی و م. گلدانی. 1389. فیزیولوژی گیاهی (ترجمه). جلد دوم. انتشارات جهاد دانشگاهی مشهد. ص 52-53.

4- میرمحمدی میبدی ع. م. و قره یاضی ب. 1381. جنبه های فیزیولوژیک و بهنژادی تنش شوری گیاهان. چاپ اول. انتشارات گلبن. ص 24-19.

5- Agarwal, S., and V, Pandey. 2004. Antioxidant enzyme response to NaCl stress in Cassia angustifolia. Plant Biol. 48: 555-560.

6- Agboma, M., M. G. K. Jones, P. Peltonen-Sainio, H. Rita, and E. Pehu. 1997. Exogenous glycinebetaine enhances grain yield of maize, sorghum and wheat grown under two supplementary watering regimes. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science. 178: 29-37.

7- Alia P.S., and Mohanty P. 1993. Proline in relation to free radical production in seedlings of Brassica juncea raised under sodium chloride stress. Plant and Soil. 155/156: 497-500.

8- Arakawa T., and Timasheff S.N. 1983. Preferential interactions of proteins with solvent components in aqueous amino acid solutions. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 224: 169–177.

9- Ashraf M., and Foolad M.R. 2007. Improving plant abiotic-stress resistance by exogenous application of osmoprotectants glycinebetaine and proline. Environmental and Experimental Botany. 59: 206-216.

10- Bohnert H.J., and Jensen R.G. 1996. Metabolic engineering for increased salt tolerance-the next step. Australian journal of Plant Physiology. 23: 661-666.

11- Boyer J.S. 1970. Leaf enlargement and metabolic rates in corn, soybean and sunflower at various leaf water potentials. Plant Physiology. 46:233-235.

12- Bressan R.A., Nelson D.E., Iraki N.M., La Rosa P.C., Singh N.K., Hasegawa P.M., and Carpita N.C. 1990. Reduced cell expansion and changes in cell walls of plant cells adapted to NaCI. In: F. Katterman, (Ed.). Environmental injury to plants. Academic Press, San Diego. 137-171.

13- Fredrick J.R., Below F.E., and Hesketh J.D. 1990. Carbohydrate, nitrogen and dry matter accumulation and partitioning of maize hybrids under drought stress. Annals of Botany. 66: 407-415.

14- Gibon Y., A.Bessieres M., and Larher F. 1997. Is glycinebetaine a non compatible solute in higher plants do not accumulate it? Plants, Cell and Environment. 20: 329-340.

15- Gorham J. 1995. Betaines in higher plants biosynthesis and role in stress metabolism. In: Amino Acids and Their Derivatives in Higher Plants, (ed.) R. M. Wallsgrove., Cambridge University Press., Cambridge., PP. 171–203.

16- Grainier C., and Tardieu F. 1999. Water deficit and spatial pattern of leaf development. Plant Physiology. 119: 609-619.

17- Harinasut P., Tsutsui K., Takabe T., Nomura M., and Kishitani S. 1996. Exogenous glycine betaine accumulation and increased salt tolerance in rice seedlings. Bioscience, Biotechnolgy and Biochemistry. 60: 366–368.

18- Heuer B. 1994. Osmoregulatory role of proline in water and salt stressed plants, in: M. Pessarakli (Ed.), Handbook of Plant and Crop Stress, Marcel Dekker, New York. 363-381.

19- Iqbal N., Ashraf M., and Ashraf M.Y. 2008: Glycinebetaine, an osmolyte of interest to improve water stress tolerance in sunflower (Helian thus annuus L.): water relations and yield. South African Journal of Botany. 74: 274–281.

20- Iqbal M., and Shababuddin A. 2006. Effect of different does of glycinebetaine and time of spray application on yield of cotton (Gossypium Hirstum L.). J. Res. Bahauddinn Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan. 17: 241- 245.

21- Irrigoyen J.J., Emerich D.W., and Sanchez D.M. 1992. Water stress induced changes in concentrations of proline and total soluble sugars in modulated alfalfa (Medicago sativa) plants. Physiologia Plantarum. 84: 55-60.

22- Ismail A.M., and Hall A.E. 1999. Reproductive-stage heat tolerance, leaf membrane thermostability and plant morphology in cowpea. Crop Science. 39: 1762-1768.

23- Kirnak C., Kaya I. and Higgs D. 2001. The influence of water deficit on vegetative growth, physiology, fruit yield and quality in egg plants. Plant Physiology. 27: 34-46.

24- Kumar V. and Sharma D.R. 1989. Effect of exogenous proline on growth and ion content in NaCl stressed and nonstressed cells of mungbean, Vigna radiata var. radiate. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology. 27: 813-/815.

25- Lauer J. 2003. What happens within the corn plant when Drought occurs? Corn Agronomist. 10(22): 153-155.

26- Lawlor D.W., and Cornic G. 2002. Photosynthetic carbon assimilation and associated metabolism in relation to water deficits in higher plants. Plants, Cell and Environment. 25:275 – 294.

27- Lawlor D.W., and Fock H. 1977. Water stress induced changes in the amounts of Photosynthentic assimilation products and respiratory metabolites of sunflower leaves. Journal of Experimental Botany. 28:329-337.

28- Loggini B., Scartazza A., Brugnoli E., and Navari–Izzo F. 1999. Antioxidative defense system pigment composition and photosynthetic effiency in two wheat cultivars subjected to drought. Plant Physiology. 119:1091-1100.

29- Ma X.L., Wang Y.J., Xie S.L., Wang C., and Wang W. 2007. Gly cinebetaine application ameliorates negative effects of drought stress in tobacco. Russian Journal of Plant Physiology. 54: 472–479.

30- Makela P., Peltonen-Sainio P., Jokinen K., Pehu E., Setala H., Hinkkanen R., and Somersalo S. 1996. Uptake and translocation of foliar applied glycinebetaine in crop plants. Plant Science. 121: 221-/230.

31- Meek C.R., and Oosterhuis D.M. 1999. Effects of foliar application of glycine betaine on field-grown cotton. In: D.M. Oosterhuis (ed.). Proc. 1999 Cotton Research Meeting and Summaries of Research in Progress. University of Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station Special Report. 193:103-105.

32- Murata N., Mohanty P.S., Hayashi H., and Papageorgiou G.C. 1992. Glycinebetaine stabilizes the association of extrinsic proteins with the photosynthetic oxygen-evolving complex. FEBS Lett. 296:187–189.

33- Naidu B.P., Cameron D.F., and Konduri S.V. 1998. Improving stress tolerance and productivity of plants by a biochemical approach in agronomy and plant breeding. In: Proceedings of the IX Australian Agronomy Conference, Wagga Wagga, Australia. 355-358.

34- Oncel I., Keles Y.and Ustun A.S. 2000. Interactive of temperature and heavy metal stress on the growth and some biological compounds in wheat seedling. Environmental Pollution 107: 315-320.

35- Pessarakli M. 1994. Plant and Crop Stress. Handbook, Marcel Deckker, New York.

36- Reza S.H., Athar H.U.R., and Ashraf M. 2006. Influence of exogenously applied glycinebetaine on the photosynthetic capacity of two differently adopted wheat cultivars under salt stress. Pakistan Journal of Botaby. 38: 241-251.

37- Rhodes D., Rich P.J., Myers A.C., Reuter C.C., and Jamieson G.C. 1987. Determination of betaines by fast atom bombardment mass spectroscopy. Plant Physiology. 84: 781–788.

38- Sato F., Yoshioka H., Fujiwara T., Higashio H., Uragami A., and Tokuda S. 2004. Physiologycal responses of cabbage plug seedlings to water stress during low-temprature storage in darkness. Science Horticulture.101: 349-357.

39- Serraj R., and Sinclair T.R. 2002. Osmolyte accumulation: can it really help increase crop yield under drought conditions? Plants, Cell and Environment. 25: 333-341.

40- Sharp R.E., Ober E.S., and Wu Y. 1993. Regulation of root growth at low water potentials. In: M. B. Jackson, and M. B. Black, (Eds). Interacting stresses on plants in a changing climate. Springer - Verlag, Berlin. 557-572.

41- Smirnoff N., and Stewart G.R. 1985. Stress metabolites and their role in coastal plants. Vegetation. 62: 273–278.

42- Takamiya K.I.T., Tsuchiya H., and Ohta D. 2000. Degradation pathway (s) of chlorophyll: What has gene cloning revealed? Trends Plant Science. 5: 426–431.

43- Tewari T.N., and Singh B.B. 1991. Stress studies in lentil (Lens esculenta Moench). II. Sodicity-induced changes in chlorophyll,nitrate, nitrite reductase, nucleic acids, proline, yield, and yield components in lentil. Plant and Soil.135: 225–250.

44- Yang W.J., Rich P.J., Axtell J.D., Wood K.V., Bonham C.C., Ejeta G., Mickelbart M.V., and Rhodes D. 2003. Genotypic variation for glycine betaine in sorghum. Crop Science. 43:162–169.