Effect of Nitrogen Sources on Quantitative and Qualitative Yield of Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) in Competition with Weeds

Document Type : Research Article

Authors

• F Alaei ¹
• S Maleki Farahani ¹
• H Habibi ¹
• M. H Fotokian ¹
• M Khodadadi ²

¹ Department of Crop Production and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran

² Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, Karaj, Iran

10.22067/jcesc.2024.84994.1276

Abstract

Introduction
One of the important challenges in the agricultural sector is the low use efficiency of chemical fertilizers, especially nitrogen fertilizers, as well as the competition of weeds with crops. In this regard, it is important to use management solutions to reduce the use of chemical inputs. To increase the quality level of food used by humans while reducing environmental pollution. One of the management solutions is the use of controlled-release fertilizers. Considering the desire to increase the quantity and quality of the coriander plant and also to identify the best-studied genotype, research was conducted in this field to investigate the effect of different sources of nitrogen fertilizer and the competition of weeds in the region on the agricultural and medicinal properties of different genotypes of coriander. 
Materials and Methods
The experiment was carried out in factorial form based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in the teaching and research farm of the Faculty of Agriculture Shahed University of Tehran in the 2019 season. An experimental treatment consisted of three factors including: 1) nitrogen fertilizer sources (Control treatment: without nitrogen fertilizer; SCU: with rate of N, 70 kg ha^-1, and urea: with rate of N, 70 kg ha^-1), 2) genotypes (Nahavandi, Pishgam and, Ethiopia), and 3) weeding (weedy and weeding by hand). The experimental plot size was 2×2 m² dimensions with a plant spacing of 25 cm ×10 cm. A space of 1.5 m between plots and 2 m between blocks were maintained. At the end of the growth period, coriander plants of 1 m² per plot were harvested, and fruit yield per plot was measured. Also, in the plots under weed competition, the competition index was evaluated. Sampling of weeds was done in two stages (in the growing stage of the main plant and another in the ripening stage of the seeds) using quadrats of 30 x 30 cm and the abundance and biomass of each plot was calculated. To evaluate the percentage of the essential oil of coriander seeds, the Clevenger device was used with the steam distillation method to identify and determine the essential oil compounds extracted from the gas chromatography device.
Results and Discussion
Related to the competitive indices, results showed that, the Pishgam genotype had the highest ability to withstand competition (%), and the lowest yield loss (%), and, the Nahandi genotype had the lowest ability to withstand competition (%) and the highest yield loss (%). It seems that the Pishgam genotype was more successful in competing with weeds due to its early maturity and higher germination rate. So, it has a higher ability to tolerate weed competition than other genotypes. Regarding fruit yield, the findings of this experiment revealed a significant increase in yield with the application of nitrogen fertilizer in the weeded plots. Additionally, the Ethiopian genotype exhibited the highest fruit yield among the weeded plots. However, the fruit yield of genotypes did not show significant differences in the un-weeded plots. This suggests that weed competition significantly limited fruit yield compared to the inherent characteristics of the genotypes assessed in this trial. Ethiopian genotype showed the highest percentage of essential oil in all nitrogen fertilizer sources. In the Pishgam genotype, the most essential oil was obtained in the sulfur-coated urea treatment but, in the Nahavandi genotype, the most essential oil belonged to the control fertilizer treatment. Due to the difference in the genetic structure of genotypes, various results have been observed, which can be due to the difference in the fertility of different genotypes. Also, the results of this experiment showed that the main composition of coriander essential oil is linalool.
Conclusion
The results showed that N fertilizer and weeding significantly increased seed yield. And the Ethiopian genotype had the highest seed yield and essential oil in weeded plots. Also, the Pishgam genotype had the highest Ability to withstand competition (%) and the lowest Yield loss (%).

Keywords

• Coriander
• Essential oil
• Sulfur coated urea
• Urea
• Weed control

Main Subjects

• Medicinal Plants

---

©2024 The author(s). This is an open-access article distributed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0), which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution, and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source.

References

1. Abbaszadeh, B., Sharifi Ashourabadi, A., Ardakani, M. R., Lebaschi, M. H., Safikhani, F., & Naderi Hadjibagher Kandi, M. (2006). Effect of Application Methods of Nitrogen Fertilizer on Essential Oil Content and Composition of Balm (Melissa officinalis ) under Field Condition. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 22(3), 223-230. (in Persian with English abstract).
2. Abdelkader, M., Gendy, A., Bardisi, I., & Elakkad, H. (2018). The impact of NPK fertilization level and Lithovit concentration on productivity and active ingredients of Coriandrum sativum Journal of Applied Sciences, 8(3), 827-836.
3. Abdolahi, F., Salehi, Sh., & Rahimi, A. (2016). Effect of different nitrogen sources on vegetative trates, grain yield and essential oil yield of coriander (Coriandrum sativum). Journal of Cercetări Agronomice în Moldova, 1(165), 51-65. https://doi.org/10.1515/cerce-2016-0005
4. Ahmadi, F., Samadi, A., & Rahimi, A. (2020). Improving growth properties and phytochemical compounds of Echinacea purpurea (L.) medicinal plant using novel nitrogen slow release fertilizer under greenhouse conditions. Journal of Scientific Reports, 10, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-70949-4
5. Ahmed, Sh., Jahangir Alam, M., Hossain, A., Mominul Islam, A. K. M., Awan, T. A., Soufan, W., Qahtan, A. A., Okla, M., & El Sabagh, A. (2021). Interactive Effect of Weeding Regimes, Rice Cultivars, and Seeding Rates Influence the Rice-Weed Competition under Dry Direct-Seeded Condition. Journal of Sustainability, 13(317), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13010317
6. Akbarinia, A., Daneshian, J., & Mohmmadbiegi, F. (2006). Effect of Nitrogen Fertilizer and Plant Density on Seed Yield, Essential Oil and Oil Content of Coriandrum sativum Journal of Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 22(4), 410-418. (in Persian with English abstract).
7. Amini, R. A., Pejgan, H., & Dabagh, A. (2014). Investigating the competitive power of different bean genotypes against weeds. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research, 12(3), 491-501. (in Persian with English abstract).
8. Angeli, K., Delazari, F., Nick, C., Ferreria, M., & Silva, D. (2016). Yield components and water use efficiency in coriander under irrigation and nitrogen fertilization. RevistaBrasiliar de Engenharia Agricola e Ambiantal, 20(2), 415-420. https://doi.org/10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v20n5p415-420
9. Beyzi, E., Karaman, K., Gunes, A., & Beyzi, S. B. (2017). Change in some biochemical and bioactive properties and essential oil composition of coriander seed (Coriandrum sativum L.) varieties from Turkey. Journal of Industrial Crop and Products, 109, 74-78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2017.08.008
10. Ehteshami, S. M., Soleimani, S., & Pazoki, A. R. (2014). Effect of weed competition on morphophysiologic indices, yield and yield components of rapeseed (Brassica napus ) cv. Zarfam in Varamin. Agronomy Journal, 108, 121-131. (in Persian with English abstract).
11. Fatholahi, S., Ehsanzadeh, P., & Karimmojeni, H. (2020). Ancient and improved wheats are discrepant in nitrogen uptake, remobilization, and use efficiency yet comparable in nitrogen assimilating enzymes capabilities. Journal of Field Crop Research, 249, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2020.107761
12. Ghazanfari, N., Mortazavi, S. A., Tabatabaei Yazdi, F., & Mohammadi, M. (2020). Microwave-assisted hydrodistillation extraction of essential oil from coriander seeds and evaluation of their composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity. Journal of Helion, 6, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04893
13. Gebrehiwot, H. G., Aune, J. B., Netland. J., Eklo, O. M., Torp. T., & Brandsæter, L. O. (2020). Weed-Competitive Ability of Teff (Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter) Varieties. Journal of Agronomy, 10(108), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10010108
14. Hamidi, F., Prakasita, B., Jayyid Zuhdan, M., Widiyastuti, W., & Setyawan, H. (2018). Dissolution Rate Behaviour of Sulfur Coated Urea from Spouted Bed Coater using Box Behnken Design. Journal of Advances in Crop Science and Technology, 6(5), 1-4. https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-8863.1000390
15. Incrocci, L., Maggini, R., Cei, T., Carmassi, G., Botrini, L., Filippi, F., Clemens, R., Terrones, C., & Pardossi, A. (2020). Innovative Controlled-Release Polyurethane-Coated Urea Could Reduce N Leaching in Tomato Crop in Comparison to Conventional and Stabilized Fertilizers. Journal of Agronomy, 10, 1-19. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10111827
16. Izgi, M. N. (2020). Effects of Nitrogen Fertilization on Coriander (Coriandrum sativum ): yield and quality characteristics. Journal of Applied Ecology and Environmental Research, 18(5), 7323-7336. https://doi.org/10.15666/aeer/1805_73237336
17. Jamshidiyan, Z., & Talat, F. (2023). Study on yield and morphophysiological properties of coriander (Coriandrum sativum) affected by seed priming. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research, 39(1), 138-151. https://doi.org/10.22092/IJMAPR.2023.359120.3191
18. Kacaniova, M., Galovicova, L., Ivanisova, E., Vukovic, N., Stefanikova, J., Valkova, V., Borotova, P., Ziarovska, J., Terentjeva, M., Felsociva, S., & Tvrda, E. (2020). Antioxidant, Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Activity of Coriander (Coriandrum sativum ) Essential Oil for Its Application in Foods. Journal of Foods, 9(282), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9030282
19. Karimi, H., Zaferian, F., & Emadi, M. (2019). Response of sesame (Sesamum indicum ) to different nitrogen fertilizer sources in competition with weeds. Journal of Plant Production Research, 26(4), 61-77. (In Persian with English abstract).
20. Laribi, B., Kouki, K., M'Hamdi, M., & Bettaieb, T. (2015). Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) and its bioactive constituents. Journal of Fitoterapia, 103, 9-26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2015.03.012
21. Little, N. G., DiTommaso, A. W., Anna, S., Ketterings, Q. M., & Mohler, Ch. (2021). Effects of Fertility Amendments on Weed Growth and Weed–Crop Competition: A Review. Journal of Weed Science, 69(2), 132-146. https://doi.org/10.1017/wsc.2021.1
22. Masoumi, A., Asghari, H. R., Tavakoli Dinani, E., & Makarian, H. (2013). Effect of Nitrogen Sources on Density and Dry Matter of Weeds and Yield of Two Coriander (Coriandrum sativum ) Landrace. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture and Production Science, 23(2), 113-127. (in Persian with English abstract).
23. Mennan, H., & Zandstra, B. (2005). Influence of Wheat Seeding Rate and Cultivars on Competitive Ability of Bifra (Bifora radians). Journal of Weed Technology, 19, 128-136. https://doi.org/10.1614/WT-03-280R
24. Min Zhang, W. Z., Liu, Z., Zhou, H., Lu, H., Zhang, W., Yang, Y., Li, C., & Chen, B. (2016). Combining controlled-release urea and normal urea to improve the nitrogen use efficiency and yield under wheat-maize double cropping system. Journal of Field Crop Research, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2016.08.004
25. Momin, A. H., Acharya, S., & Gajjar, A. (2012). Coriandrum sativum- Review of advances in phytopharmacology. International Journal Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 3(5), 1233-1239.
26. Moradi Talebbeigi, R., Kazemeini, S. A., & Ghadiri, H. (2018). Impact of Split Application of Different N-Fertilizer Sources on Weed Growth, Safflower Yield, and Nitrogen Use Efficiency. Journal of Agriculture Science Technology, 20, 1455-1466. DOR: 20.1001.1.16807073.2018.20.7.5.9
27. Nagar, R. K., & Kumar Jain, D. (2017). Studies on Weed Cover and Diversity in Coriander (Coriandrum Sativum ) as Influenced by Weed Management and Balanced Fertilization Techniques. Journal of Current Agriculture Research, 5(3), 387-395. https://doi.org/10.12944/CARJ.5.3.19
28. Omidi Mirzaei, M., Hojjati, M., Alizadeh Behbahani, B., & Noshad, M. (2020). Determination of chemical composition, antioxidant properties and antimicrobial activity of coriander seed essential oil on a number of pathogenic microorganisms. Iranian Food Science and Technology Research Journal, 16(2), 221-233. (in Persian with English abstract).
29. Poshtdar, A., Abdali Mashhadie, A. R., Moradi, F., Siadat, S. A., & Bakhshandeh, A. M. (2016). Effect of source and rate of nitrogen fertilizer on yield and water and nitrogen use efficiency of peppermint (Mentha piperita ). Iranian Journal of Crop Sciences, 18(1), 13-31. (in Persian with English abstract).
30. Perveen, S., Ahmad, S., Skalicky, M., Hussain, I., Habibur-Rahman, M., Ghaffar, A., Shafqat Bashir, M., Batool, M., Hassan, M., Brestic, M., Fahad, S., & Sabagh, A. (2021). Assessing the potential of polymer coated urea and sulphur fertilization on growth, physiology, yield, oil contents and nitrogen use efficiency of sunflower crop under arid environment. Agronomy, 11, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11020269
31. Rahni, M., Nasri, M., Filizadeh, Y., Kasraei, P., & Azadi, P. (2022). Evaluation of growth, yield, and physiological responses of Valeriana officinalis to the application of urea, nitroxin, and phosphate Barvar-2 fertilizer. Eco-phytochemical Journal of Medicinal Plants, 36(4), 73-92. (in Persian with English abstract).
32. Rezaian, S., & Forouhar, M. (2004). The Effect of Nitrogen Fertilizers (Urea, Sulfur Coated Urea) with Manure on the Saffron Yield. Acta Horticulturae, 650(21), 201-205. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2004.650.21
33. Shahwar, M. K., El-Ghorab, A. H., Anjum, F. M, Butt, M. S., Hussain, S., & Nadeem, M. (2012). Characterization of Coriander (Coriandrum sativum ) Seeds and Leaves: Volatile and Non Volatile Extracts. International Journal of Food Properties, 15, 736-747. https://doi.org/10.1080/10942912.2010.500068
34. Sweeney, A. E., Karen, A., Laboski, C., & Davis, A. (2008). Effect of Fertilizer Nitrogen on Weed Emergence and Growth. Journal of Weed Science, 56, 714-721. https://doi.org/10.1614/WS-07-096.1
35. Yeganehpoor, F., Zehtab Salmasi, S., Shafagh Kolvanagh, J., Ghassemi Golezani, K., & Dastborhan, S. (2016). Changes in growth, chlorophyll content and grain yield of Coriander (Coriandrum sativum ) in response to water stress, chemical and biological fertilizers and salicylic acid. International Journal of Advanced Biological and Biomedical Research, 4(3), 229-237.
36. Zare, M., Bazrafshan, F., & Mostafavi, K. (2012). Competition of rapeseed (Brassica napus ) cultivars with weeds. African Journal of Biotechnology, 11(6), 1378-1385. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJB11.1909