Effects of Nanoparticles (Zinc and Silicon) and Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria on Yield, Photosynthetic Pigments and Grain Filling Components of Triticale under Salinity Stres

Document Type : Research Article

Authors

• Z Mohammadzadeh ¹
• R Seyedsharifi ²
• S Farzaneh ²

¹ M.Sc. in Seed Science and Technology, Department of Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardebili, Ardebil, Iran

² Department of Plant Production and Genetics Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of. Mohaghegh Ardebili, Ardebil, Iran

10.22067/jcesc.2023.81343.1231

Abstract

Introduction
Salinity stands as a significant environmental stressor that profoundly curtails the growth and yield of crop plants. This adversity also extends to the impairment of pigments and plastids, leading to diminished chlorophyll indices, rates, and grain-filling durations. To counteract the deleterious impact of such stressors on plant growth, a spectrum of strategies has been devised. Prominent among these strategies are plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria, exemplified by azospirillum, and the utilization of nanoparticles like zinc and silicon. These factors play a pivotal role in elevating yield outcomes. Zinc's pivotal involvement spans protein metabolism, photosynthetic activities, and diverse physiological traits within plants. Particularly noteworthy is its contribution to rectifying zinc deficiency, a particularly critical concern in plants cultivated in high-pH soils. Notably, recent research has illuminated the potential of applying minute quantities of micronutrients, notably zinc via foliar spraying, in bolstering plant resilience against salt stress. Likewise, silicon emerges as a supplemental micronutrient that imparts heightened resistance to environmental stresses, fostering increased resilience within biological systems. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of application of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria and nanoparticles (zinc and silicon) on the yield, photosynthetic pigments, and filling components of triticale grain under salt stress.
Materials and Methods
This experiment was conducted as factorial based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in greenhouse research of the Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili in 2022. Factors experimental included salinity at three levels (no salinity as control, application of 60, 120 mM salinity) by NaCl, application of PGPR at two levels (no inoculation as control and seed inoculation with Azospirillium), and foliar application of nanoparticles at four levels (foliar application with water as control, foliar application of 0.8 g.L^-1 nano zinc oxide, foliar application 50 mg.L^-1 nano silicon, foliar application both of nano zinc oxide (0.4 g.L^-1) and nano silicon (25 mg.L^-1). The strains and cell densities of microorganisms used as PGPR in this experiment were 1×10⁷ bacteria per milliliter (10⁷ cfu.ml⁻¹). A two-part linear model was used to quantify the grain-filling parameters. In this study, grain dry weight and number were used to calculate the average grain weight for each sample. Total duration of grain filling was determined for each treatment combination by fitting a bilinear model:
    GW =
where GW is the grain dry weight; a, the GW-intercept; b, the slope of grain weight indicating grain filling rate; t, the days after earring; and t₀, physiological maturity. The effective grain filling period (EGFD) was calculated from the following equation:
EGFD = the highest grain weight (g)/rate of grain filling (g day^-1).
Results and Discussion
The results showed that application of Azospirillium and foliar application of nano zinc-silicon oxide under no salinity increased chlorophyll a (38.42%), chlorophyll b (41.76%), total chlorophyll (39.39%), carotenoids (53.99%), root weight (62.61%), grain filling rate (16.37%), grain filling period and effective grain filling period (21.28 and 29.78%) and grain yield (47.23%) in compared to no application of Azospirillium and nanoparticles under 120 mM salinity. Application of Azospirillium and foliar application nano zinc-silicon oxide under 60 mM salinity also increased chlorophyll a (31.4%), chlorophyll b (34.35%), total chlorophyll (32%), carotenoids (45.68%), root weight (57.14%), grain filling rate (15.21%), grain filling period and effective grain filling period (21.29 and 28.16%) and grain yield (35.67%) in compared to the application of Azospirillium and nanoparticles under 120 mM salinity. According to this study, application of Azospirillium and nanoparticles (zinc and silicon) can increase yield of triticale grain under salinity stress such as no salinity due to the improvement of photosynthetic pigments content and grain filling components.

Keywords

• Azospirillium
• Chlorophyll content
• Grain filling period
• Root weight

20.1001.1.20081472.1402.21.3.6.6

Main Subjects

• Environmental stresses

---

Open Access

©2023 The author(s). This article is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0), which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source.

References

1. Aghaei, F., Seyedsharifi, R., & Narimani, H. (2020). Evaluation of yield, chlorophyll content and filling components of wheat grain under soil salinity conditions, application of uniconazole and biofertilizers. Journal of Crop Improvement, 22(2), 269-282. (In Persian). https://doi.org/10.22059/jci.2020.286632.2252
2. Ahire, M. L., Mundada, P. S., Nikam, T. D., Bapat, V. A., & Penna, S. (2021). Multifaceted roles of silicon in mitigating environmental stresses in plants. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 169, 291-310. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.11.010
3. Ahmadi Nouraldinvand, F., Seyedsharifi, R., Siadat, S., & Khalilzadeh, R. (2021). Effects of nano silicon concentrations and bio-fertilizer on yield and grain filling components of wheat in different irrigation regimes. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research, 19(1), 91-105. (In Persian). https://doi.org/10.22067/JCESC.2021.67258.0
4. Alpaslan, M., Inal, A., Gunes, A., Cikili, Y., & Ozcan, H. (1999). Effect of zinc treatment on the alleviation of sodium and chloride injury in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. c.v.lale) grown under salinity. Turkish Journal of Botany, 23, 1-10.
5. Arnon, A. N. (1967). Method of extraction of chlorophyll in the plants. Agronomy Journal, 23, 112-121.
6. Ansari, , Mirmohammady Maibody, S. A. M., Arzani, A., & Golkar, P. (2018). Evaluation of Different Triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack) Genotypes for Agronomic and Qualitative Characters. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research, 15(4), 872-884. (In Persian). https://doi.org/ 10.22067/GSC.V15I4.55994
7. Babaei, Kh., Seyed Sharifi, R., & Pirzad, A. (2019). Effect of biological fertilizers and iron and zinc nano oxide on quantum yield and filling process of wheat grain under soil salinity conditions. Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production, 30(1), 73-94. https://dorl.net/dor/20.1001.1.24764310.1399.30.1.5.6
8. Bandeh Haq, A., Kazemi, H., Valizadeh, M., & Joanshir, A. (2004). Resistance of spring wheat cultivars to salinity stress in vegetative and reproductive stages. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 135(1), 61-71.
9. Baniabbass, Z., Zamani, G., & Sayyari, M. (2012). Effect of drought stress and zinc sulfate on the yield and some physiological characteristics of sunflower (Helianthus annuus). Environmental Biology, 6, 518-525. https://doi.org/10.22077/escs.2012.108
10. Bashan, Y., Holguin, G., & De-Bashan, L. E. (2004). Azospirillum-plant relationships: physiological, molecular, agricultural, and environmental advances (1997-2003). Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 50, 521-577. https://doi.org/10.1139/w04-035
11. Bezabih, A., Girmay, G., & Lakewu, A. (2019). Performance of triticale varieties for the marginal highlands of Wag-Lasta, Ethiopia. Cogent Food and Agriculture, 5, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311932.2019.1574109
12. Borzouei, A., Kafi, M., Khazaei, H., & Mousavi Shalmani, M. A. (2012). Effect of irrigation water salinity on root traits of two salt-sensitive and salt-tolerant wheat cultivars and its relationship with yield in greenhouse. Journal of Science and Technology of Greenhouse Culture, 2(8), 95-106.
13. Copetta, A., Lingua, G., & Bert, G. (2006). Effect of three AM fungi on growth, distribution of glandular facilitation of plat phosphate acquisition by Arbuscular mycorrhiza from enriched soil patches roots and hyphae exploiting the same soil volume. New Phytologist, 133(3), 453-460. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00572-006-0065-6
14. Dadashzadeh, S., Seyed Sharifi, R., & Farzaneh, S. (2018). Effects of bio-fertilizer and nano iron oxide on yield, chlorophyll content and modeling of some components of grain filling period of barley (Hordeum vulgare) under salinity stress levels. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research, 16, 493-509. (in Persian). https://doi.org/10.22067/GSC.V16I2.68224
15. Ellis, R. H., & Pieta-Filho, C. (1992). The development of seed quality spring and winter cultivars of barley and wheat. Seed Science Research, 2, 19-25. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0960258500001057
16. Eneji, A. E., Inanaga, S., Muranaka, S., Li, J., Hattori, T., An, P., & Tsuji, W. (2008). Growth and nutrient use in four grasses under drought stress as mediated by silicon fertilizers. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 31(2), 355-365. https://doi.org/10.1080/01904160801894913
17. FAO. (2017). Food and agriculture organization of the united nation. Quaterly bulletin of Statistics. Remote, Italy.
18. Hassan Zadeh, A., Mazaheri, D., Chaichi, M. R., & Khawazi, V. (2016). The effectiveness of using phosphorus absorption bacteria and phosphorus chemical fertilizers on yield and yield components of barley. Research and Construction, 75, 111-118.
19. Imtiaz, M., Rizwan, S., Mushtaq, M. A., Ashraf, M., Shahzad, S. M., & Yousaf, B. (2016). Silicon occurrence, uptake, transport and mechanisms of heavy metals, minerals and salinity enhanced tolerance in plants with future prospects: A review. Journal of Environmental Management, 183, 521-529. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.09.009
20. Jongkaettana, S., Geng, S., Hill, J. E., & Miler, B. C. (1993). Within panicle variability of grain in rice cultivars with different maturities. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science, 171(4), 236-242. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-037X.1993.tb00135.x
21. Kamari, H., & Seyed Sharifi, R. (2017). Effects of Nano-Zinc oxide and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria on zinc and protein content, phosphatase activity and related traits to grain growth of Triticale. Iranian Journal of Seed Science and Technology, 6(1), 151-163. (in Persian). https://doi.org/22034/IJSST.2017.113549
22. Khalilzadeh, R., Seyed Sharifi, R., & Jalilian, J. (2017). Study the interaction of cycocel and bio-fertilizers on yield and some agro-physiological traits of wheat under soil salinity condition. Journal of Environmental Stresses in Crop Sciences, 10(3), 425-443. (in Persian). https://doi.org/10.22077/escs.2017.22.1010
23. Khanzadeh, P. (2016). The effect of seed inoculation with cyclocel and biofertilizers on the duration of wheat grain filling period at different soil salinity levels. Master's Thesis. Mohaghegh Ardabili University.
24. Kheirizadeh Arough, Y., Seyed Sharifi, R., Sedghi, M., & Barmaki, M. (2016). Effect of zinc and bio fertilizers on antioxidant enzymes activity, chlorophyll content, soluble sugars and proline in Triticale under salinity condition. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca, 44(1), 116-124. https://doi.org/10.15835/nbha44110224
25. Leon, A. E., Rubielo, A., & Anon, M. C. (1996). Use of Triticale Flours in Cookies: Quality Factors. Cereal Chemistry, 73, 779-784.
26. Mayak, S., Tirosh, T., & Glick, B. (2004). Plant growth-promoting bacteria confer resistance in tomato plants to salt stress. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 42, 565-572. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2004.05.009
27. Mehdipour-Moghaddam, M. J., Emtiazi, G., & Salehi, Z. (2012). Enhanced auxin production by Azospirillum pure cultures from plant root exudates. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 14, 985-994. http://dorl.net/dor/20.1001.1.16807073.2012.14.5.16.4
28. Mohammadi Kale Sarlou, S., Seyed Sharifi, R., Sedghei, M., Narimani, H., & Khalilzadeh, R. (2021). Effects of salinity, vermicompost, humic acid and seed inoculation with flavobacterim on grain filling of Triticale. Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production, 31(2), 251-269. https://doi.org/22034/SAPS.2021.13108
29. Nabati, J., Kafi, M., Masoumi, A., & Mehrjerdi, M. (2013). Effect of salinity and silicon application on photosynthetic characteristics of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor). International Journal of Agricultural Science, 3(4), 483-492.
30. Nazari, Z., Seyed Sharifi, R., & Narimani, H. (2021). Effect of Bio fertilizers, nano silicon and water limitation on current photosynthesis and dry matter remobilization of Triticale. Crop Physiology Journal, 13(51), 5-24.
31. Pan, B., Bai, Y. M., Leibovitch, S., & Smith, D. L. (1999). Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria and kinetin as ways to promot corn growth and and yield in a short growing season area. European Journal of Agronomy, 11, 179-186. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1161-0301(99)00029-5
32. Rashidifard, A., Chorom, M., Norouzi Masir, M., & Roshanfekr, H. (2020). The effect of humic acid and zinc application on some vegetative traits and anti-oxidant enzymes of corn seedling under salinity stress. Iranian Journal of Soil and Water Research, 51(9), 2393-2403. https://doi.org/ 22059/IJSWR.2020.303784.668638
33. Ronanini, D., Savin, R., & Hal, A. J. (2004). Dynamic of fruit growth and oil quality of sunflower (Helianthus annuus) exposed to brief interval of high temperature during grain filling. Field Crop Reserch, 83, 79-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4290(03)00064-9
34. Saleem, M., Nawaz, F., Hussain, M. B., & Ikram, R. M. (2021). Comparative effects of individual and consortia plant growth promoting bacteria on physiological and enzymatic mechanisms to confer drought tolerance in Maize (Zea mays). Journal of Soil Scince and Plant Nutrition, 21, 3461-3474. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42729-021-00620-y
35. Schutz, M., & Fangmeir, E. (2001). Growth and yield responses of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum cv. Minaret) to elevated CO₂ and water limitation. Environmental Pollution, 114, 187-194. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0269-7491(00)00215-3
36. Seleiman, M. F., Aslam, M. T., Alhammad, B. A., Hassan, M. U., Maqbool, R., Chattha, M. U., Khan, I., Gitari, O. S., Uslu, R., Roy, T., & Battaglia, M. L. (2021). Salinity stress in wheat: effects, mechanisms and management strategies. Phyton-International Journal of Experimental Botany, 1-28. https://doi.org/10.32604/phyton.2022.017365
37. Seyed Sharifi, R., & Namvar, A. (2016). Bio fertilizers in Agronomy. University of Mohaghrgh Ardabili press. Ardabil. Iran. 282 pp. (in Persian).
38. Shakouri, M. D., & Kermanshahi, H. (2007). Effect of enzyme supplement to wheat and triticale based - diets on performance and digestive tract characteristics of broiler chickens. Journal of Water and Soil Science, 11(40), 351-361. https://doi.org/1001.1.24763594.1386.11.40.29.9
39. Taibi, K., Taibi, F., Abderrahim, L. A., Ennajah, A., Belkhodja, M., & Mulet, J. M. (2016). Effect of salt stress on growth, chlorophyll content, lipid peroxidation and antioxidant defence systems in Phaseolus vulgaris South African. Journal of Botany, 105, 306-312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2016.03.011
40. Yan, G., Nikolic, M., Ye, M., Xiao, Z., & Liang, Y. (2018). Silicon acquisition and accumulation in plant and its significance for agriculture. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 17(10), 2138-2150. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2095-3119(18)62037-4