Effect of Planting Date and Biological and Chemical Fertilizers on Phenology and Physiological Indices of Peanuts

Document Type : Research Article

Authors

• A Sepehri
• H Shahbazi

Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan,

10.22067/gsc.v15i1.51529

Abstract

Introduction
Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is an annual herbaceous plant in Fabaceae which grown in tropical to temperate regions worldwide for extracting its seed oil and nut consumption. Select the optimum planting date is one of the most important agricultural techniques that comply with the seed yield is maximized . For instance, delay planting date can reduce the number of fertile nodes and the number of pods per plant. The delay in planting date reduces total dry matter (TDM), leaf area index (LAI), crop growth rate (CGR) and yield in bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Daneshian et al., (2008) reported that the delay in planting date reduced sunflower (Helianthus annuus) yield due to high temperatures in early growth which shortened flowering time and reduced solar radiation. On the other hand, due to increase importance of environmental issues has been attending biofertilizers to replace chemical fertilizers. Biofertilizers has formed by beneficial bacteria and fungi that each of them are produced for a specific purpose, such as nitrogen fixation, release of phosphate, potassium and iron ions of insoluble compound. The use of nitrogen fertilizer with slow-releasing ability stimulated shoot growth in soybean (Glycine max) and be created more LAI in the reproductive process, particularly during grain filling stage and finally increased seed yield . Therefore, this study was conducted in order to evaluate the interaction of biological and chemical fertilizers in the purpose of achieving sustainable agriculture with emphasis of the effects of various planting dates on physiological parameters and growth of peanut in Hamadan.

Materials and Methods
In order to investigate the effects of planting date on important physiological indices of peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) under the influence of biological and chemical fertilizers. A field experiment was conducted in the research farm of Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan during 2013 growing season. This study was done as a split plot experimental design based on randomized complete block with three replications. Peanut cultivar was Fleury Spanish which was prepared by the Research Center of Guilan. Three planting date included 22 May, 31 May and 10 June were used as main plot and four levels of fertilizers included 50% nitrogen chemical fertilize + nitrogen biofertilizer + complete phosphorus chemical fertilizer, 50% phosphorus chemical fertilizer + phosphorus biofertilizer + complete nitrogen chemical fertilizer, 50% nitrogen chemical fertilizer and 50% phosphorus chemical fertilizer + nitrogen -phosphorus biofertilizers, and 100 % chemical fertilizer were tested as sub plot. In order to evaluate the effect of planting date and various fertilizer application on changes trend of LAI, CGR and TDM, different models (1, 2, 3) were fitted to the data.
Statistical analysis was performed using the SAS; ver. 9.1 software and mean comparison was done through Duncan test.

Results and Discussion
The result of analysis of variance indicated that, the main effects of planting date and biofertilizer for traits such as days to flowering, days to podding, days to maturity were significant at the 1% level. However, their interaction was not significant. For mentioned traits, the 22 May planting date was better than the other planting dates. It seems that in the third planting date, plant flowering was occurred earlier than the first date. High temperature with delayed planting shortened the peanut growing season and it accelerated flowering period. Moreover, complete chemical fertilizers (100%) was highest for mentioned traits and combine using of chemical fertilizer and nitrogen + phosphorus biofertilizers had the least difference compared to complete chemical fertilizer. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria help the plant to absorb more nutrients which causes increasing plant growth and the number of lateral branches in plant. Plants inoculated with Pseudomonas illustrated an increase in the amount of leaf chlorophyll content compare to plants without inoculation after 45 days which it can be attributed to the increased availability of iron in the siderophore production by Pseudomonas. Results indicated that the interaction between planting date and bio-fertilizers in maximum leaf area index, maximum crop growth rate and maximum total dry weight was significant at the %1 level. Changes in leaf area and crop growth rate and total dry matter in all planting dates had a similar trend.The highest growth index was obtained from the first planting date (22 May) with application of 100% chemical fertilizer and also combine using of chemical fertilizer and nitrogen+ phosphorus biofertilizers. Increasing CGR during the growing season can be attributed to the increasing of leaf area or less reduction of leaf net photosynthesis. The delay in planting date reduces the length of growing season and simultaneous occurrence of reproductive stages and late season heat stress caused the reduction in dry matter accumulation. Azospirillum with the ability to nitrogen fixing, improved root growth and increase the rate of absorption of water and nutrients and thus it causes the increase of leaf area and crop growth rate . The ccombined use of humic acid and Pseudomonas putida increased soil pH that with phosphorus availability it will make further increase soybean yield. The delay planting date has been reduced the maximum leaf area index and leaf area. Although biological nitrogen fertilizer alone could not increase the leaf area duration as much 100% chemical fertilizer, biological nitrogen fertilizer in combination with phosphorus biofertilizer increased leaf area for the 22 May and 31 May planting date. Plant yield had a direct correlation with growth duration. Whatever growth duration is longer; the amount of radiation absorption by plant increased and causes the increase crop yield. Accumulation of organic matter by bacteria in the soil increased the nutrient availability, which caused more significant increase in the number of seeds per pod and seed weight and grain yield.

Conclusions
The results revealed that the 22 May planting date had the highest growth and yield compare with the other planting dates. In addition, using a combination of biological and chemical fertilizers decreased application of 50% chemical fertilizers. Therefore, in order to achieve sustainable agriculture and reducing environmental pollution, combination of biological and chemical fertilizers can be a viable alternative to reduce the application of nitrogen and phosphorus chemical fertilizers for peanut production in Hamedan condition.

Keywords

• Biological fertilizer
• Chemical Fertilizers
• Growth Index
• Peanut

---

References

1. Ahmed, A. G., Orabi, S. A., and Gaballah, M. S. 2010. Effect of bio-N-P fertilizer on the growth, yield and some biochemical components of two sunflower cultivars. International Journal of Academy Resources 2: 271-277.

2. Akhtar, M. S., and Siddiqui, Z. A. 2009. Effect of phosphate solubilizing microorganisms and Rhizobium sp. On the growth, nodulation, yield and root- rot disease complex of chickpea under field condition. African Journal of Biotechnology 8 (15): 3489-3496.

3. Azari, A., Khajepour, M. R. 2003. Effect of planting pattern on growth, development, grain yield and yield components of sunflower cv. Kooseh in Isfahan. Journal of Science and Technology in Agriculture and Natural Resources 7: 155-167. (In Persian with English abstract).

4. Aziz, T., Ullah, S., Sattar, A., Nasim, M., Farooq, M., and Mujtaba khan, M. 2010. Nutrient Availability and maize (Zea mays L.) growth in soil amended with organic manures. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology 12: 621-624.

5. Board, J. E., and Harville, B. G. 1999. Path analysis of the yield formation process for Late-planting soybean. Agronomy Journal 89: 739-741.

6. Carletti, S. 2002. Use of Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria in plant micropropagation. www.Ag.Auburn. Edu/argentina/pdfmanuscripts/ carletti. Pdf.

7. Daneshian, J., Jamshidi, E., Ghalavand, A., and Farrokhi, E. 2008. Determination of the suitable plant density and planting date for new hybrid (CMS-26 × R-103) of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). Iranian Journal of Crop Sciences 10 (1): 72-87. (in Persian with English abstract).

8. Diepenbrock, W. 2000. Yield analysis of winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.). Areview. Field Crops Research 67: 35-49.

9. Falah, S., Ghalavand, A., and Khajepour, M. 2007. The effect of mixing manures with soil and mixes it with chemical fertilizer on Zea mays L. yield and yield components in Khorramabad. Journal of Science and Technology of Agriculture and Natural Resources 40: 123-242. (in Persian with English abstract).

10. Fallah, S. 2008. Effect of planting date and plant density on yield and yield components in chickpea genotypes (Cicer arietinum L.) in dry condition of Khorram Abad. Journal of Science and Technology of Agriculture and Natural Resources 45: 123-135. (in Persian with English abstract).

11. Fanaei, H. R., Galavi, M., Ghanbari Bongar, A., Solouki, M., and Naruoei-Rad, M. R. 2008. Effect of planting date and seeding rate on grain yield and yieldcomponents in two rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) cultivars under Sistanconditions. Iranian Journal of Crop Science 10 (2): 15-30

12. Gaind, S., and Gaur. 1991. Thermotolerant phosphate Solution micro organisms and their interaction with mang bean. Plant and Soil 133: 141-149.

13. Garsid, A. 2004. Sowing time effects on the development, yield and oil of flaxseed in semi-arid tropical. Australian Journal of Productive Agriculture 23: 607-612.

14. Ghorbanli, M., Sh. Hashemi Moghaddam, Sh., and Fallah, A. 2006. Study of Interaction Effects of Irrigation and Nitrogen on Some Morphological and Physiological Characteristic of Rice Plant (Oryza sativa L.). Journal of Agricultural Sciences. Islamic Azad University. 12 (2): 415-428. (in Persian with English abstract).

15. Gulerer, M., Sait-Adak, M., and Ulukan, H. 2001. Determining relation ships among yield and some yield components using path coefficient analysis in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). European Journnal of Agronomy 14: 161-166.

16. Gutierrez-Manero, F. J., Ramos-Solano, B., Probanza, A., Mehouachi, J., Tadeo, F. R., and Talon M. 2001. The plant-growth promoting rhizobacteria Bacillus pumilus and Bacillus licheniformis produce highamounts of physiologically active gibberellins. Physiologia Plantarum 111: 206-211.

17. Han H., Supanjani, K., and Lee, D. 2006. Effect of co-inoculation with phosphate and potassium solubilizing bacteria on mineral uptake and growth of pepper and cucumber. Plant Soil Environment 52 (3): 130-136.

18. Hashemi Jazi, M. 2001. Effect of planting date on Developmental stages and some agronomic and physiological characteristics of 5 soybean varieties in second culture. Iranian Journal of Crop Sciences 3 (4): 3-8. (in Persian with English abstract).

19. Hocking, P. J., and Stapper, M. 2001. Effect of sowing time and nitrogen on canola and nitrogen fertilizer on Indian mustard. I. Dry matter production, grain yield and yield components. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 52: 623-634.

20. Jin, J., Liu, X., Wang, G., Mi, L., Shen, Z., Chen, X., Stephen, J., and Herbert, S. J. 2010. Agronomic and physiological contributions to the yield improvement of soybean cultivars released from 1950 to 2006 in Northeast China. Field Crops Research 115: 116 -123.

21. Kader, M. K., Mmian, H., and Hoyue, M. S. 2002. Effects of azotobacter inoculants on the yield and nitrogen uptake by wheat. Journal of Biological Sciences 2: 250-261.

22. Kaushal, T., Onda, M., Ito, S., Yamazaki, A., Fujikake, H., Ohtake, N., Sueyoshi, K., Takahashi, Y., and Ohyama, T. 2006. Effect of placement of slow- release fertilizer (Lime nitrogen) applied at different rates on growth, N2 fixation and yield of soybean (Glycine max). Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science 192: 417-426.

23. Khadem Hamza, H. R., Karimi, M., Rezaei, A. S. M., and Ahmadi, M. 2004. Effect of plant density and planting date on agronomic traits, yield and yield components of soybean. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 35 (2): 357-367. (in Persian with English abstract).

24. Khajeh pour, M. R., and Seiedi, F. 2000. The effects of planting date on grain yield and yield components oil sunflower cultivars. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology and Natural Resources 4 (2):117-127. (in Persian with English abstract).

25. Khajeh pour, M. R. 2007. Industrial plants. Isfahan University of jahad publishers. pp350.

26. Khorramdel‌ S., Koocheki, A., Nassiri Mahallati, M. and Ghorbani, R. 2008. Application effects of biofertilizers on the growth indices of Black Cumin (Nigella sativa L.). Iranian Journal of Crops Research 6 (2): 285-290. (in Persian with English abstract).

27. Kobata, T., and Moriwaki, N. 1990. Grain growth rate as a function of dry matter production rate an experiment with two rice cultivars under different radiation enviroments. Journal of Crop science 59: 1-7.

28. Lack, M. R., Ghanbari, A. A., Dorri, H. R., and Ghadiri, A. 2009. Effect of Planting Date on Seed Yield and Fusarium Root Rot Diseases Severity in Chitti Bean in Khomein. Seed and Plant Production 25 (3): 273-284. (in Persian with English abstract).

29. Malboobi, M. A., Owlia, P., Behbahani, M., Sarokhani, E., Moradi, S., Yakhchali, B., Deljou, A., and Morabbi Heravi, K. 2009. Solubilization of organic and inorganic phosphates by three highly efficient soil bacterial isolates. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 25: 1471-1477.

30. Mehrvarz, S., and Chaichi, M. R. 2008. Effect of phosphate solubilizing microorganisms and phosphorus chemical fertilizer on forage and grain quality of barely (Hordeum vulgare L.). American Eurasian Journal of Agricultural and Enviroment Science 3 (6): 855-860.

31. Moradi, M., Madani, H., Malboobi, M. A., and Pilevari khamami, R. 2008. Compare the efficiency of biological and chemical phosphorous in sunflower cultivation in climatic conditions in Arak. New findings in agriculture, 3 (2): 168-178. (in Persian with English abstract).

32. Pezeshkpour, P., Ahmadi, A. R., and Daneshvar, M. 2005. Effects of planting dates on grain yield and yield compontent, SPAD reading as indicator and light influnce bottom of the canopy. Abstracts of articles in the First National Conference on cereals. Research Institute of Plant Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. 210-211. (in Persian with English abstract).

33. Pouryousef, M., Mazaheri, D., Chaiechi, M. R., Rahimi, A., and Tavakoli, A. 2010. Effect of different soil fertilizing treatments on some of agro morphological traits and mucilage of Isabgol (Plantago ovata Forsk). Electronic Journal of Crop Production 3 (2): 193-213. (In Persian with English abstract).

34. Rademacher, W., 1994. Gibberellin formation in microorganisms. Plant Growth Regulation 15: 303-14.

35. Rahimzadeh, S. 2009. Investigate the effect of biological fertilizer on yield and quality of medicinal plant (Dracocephalum moldavica) under the farm conditions. Mster thesis Agricultural Faculty Kordestan University. (In Persian).

36. Rizwan, A., Arshad, M., Khalid, A., and Zahir, A. 2008. Effectiveness of organic Biofertilizer supplemented with chemical fertilizer for improving soil water retention, aggregate stability, growth and nutrient uptake of maize. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture 34: 57-77.

37. Selosse, M. A., Baudoin, E., and Vandenkoornhyse, P. 2004. Symbiotic microorganisms, akey for ecological success and protection of plants. Comptes Rendus Biologies 327: 639-648.

38. Sharma, A. K., and Johri, B. N. 2002. Arbuscular Mycorrhizae, Interaction in Plants, Rhizosphere and soils. Oxford and IBH Publishing. New Delhi. P. 308.

39. Sharma, A. K. 2003. Biofertilizers for sustainable agriculture. Arobios, India Sciences 6 (4): 344-358.

40. Singh, S. P. 1997. Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Field Crop Reserch 53: 161-170

41. Sprent, J., and Sprent, P. 1990. Nitrogen Fixation Organisms Chapman and Hall New York. P. 323.

42. Tilak, K. V. B. R., Ranganayaki, N., Pal, K. K. D. E. R., Saxena, A. K., Shekhar Nautiyal, C., Mittal, S., Tripathi, A. K., and Johri, B. N. 2005. Diversity of plant growth and soil health supporting bacteria, Current Science 89: 136-150.

43. Thurling, N., and Dass, D. V. 1977. Variation in parenthesis development of spring rape. Australian Journal of Ares 28: 567-607.

44. Wahyudi, A., Indri Astuti, R., Giyanto. 2011. Screening of Pseudomonas sp. Isolated from Rhizosphere of Soybean Plant as Plant Growth Promoter and Bio-control Agent. American Journal of Agricultural and Biological Sciences 6 (1): 134-141.

45. Winarso, S., Sulistyanto, D., and Handayanto, E. 2011. Effects of humic compounds and phosphate solubilizing bacteria on phosphorus availability in an acid soil. Journal of Ecology and the Natural Environment 3 (7): 232-240.