Some Soil Characters and Qualitative Traits of Sunflower Seeds to Different Nutritional Regimes

Document Type : Research Article

Authors

Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan

Abstract

Introduction
To achieve the high economic yield in crops, supplying enough nutrients for plants is important, that much of it, supplied by chemical fertilizers. But excessive use of chemical fertilizers led to environmental problems that these negative effects have caused attention to healthy and ecological sustainable farming systems. One solution to reduce dependence on chemical fertilizers is application of organic and biological products for plant nutrition. Bio-fertilizers are made from one or more species of beneficial microorganisms with preservatives and or their products. In addition, vermicompost is an organic fertilizer and mixed of very active biological bacteria, enzymes, plant residues, manure and earthworm capsule which leads to continued organic matter decomposition and development of microbial and enzymatic activities in soil. Several experiments have shown that the using of biological and organic fertilizers improve growth and quality of products.
Materials and Methods
To investigate the effect of various nutritional regimes on seed quality characteristics of sunflower (Euroflour cv.) and some soil characters, an experiment was carried out as a randomized complete block design with 3 replications in 2015 at the Agricultural Faculty of Bu-Ali Sina University.Treatments included no biological or chemical fertilizer application, 100% of the recommended NP fertilizers (250 kg urea per hectare, 50 kg triple superphosphate per hectare), ½ recomended NP fertilizers, vermicompost (15 ton per hectare mixed with soil), phosphonitrokara (including Bacillus coagulans, Azotobacter chroococcum, Azospirillum lipoferum, 110 ml to inoculate 10 kg seeds), biosulfur (including Thiobacillus,mix 6 kg of fertilizer with 300 kg sulphur for 1 hectare), vermicompost+ phosphonitrokara, vermicompost+ biosulfur, vermicompost+½ NP fertilizers, phosphonitrokara+½ NP fertilizers, biosulfur+½ NP fertilizers, vermicompost+ phosphonitrokara+½ NP fertilizers, vermicompost+ biosulfur+½ NP fertilizers. Concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur of sunflower seeds and soil were measured by standard methods. Moreover, seed oil content was determined. Data processing and graphs were performed with SAS var 9.2 and Excel software.
Results and Discussion
The results showed that nutritional treatments significantly affected all traits except seed oil content and soil pH. The maximum seed sulfur content (0.231%) belonged to biosulfur+ vermicompost treatment indicating that providing sulfur for sunflower of oxidation in soil increased the concentration of seed sulfur. The highest phosphorous (0.45) obtained from phospho nitro kara+ vermicompost and biosulfur+ vermicompost+ ½ NP fertilizers. Secretion of different enzymes such as phosphatase by rhizobacteria led to solubility and increasing available phosphate. Maximum nitrogen (2.688%) and protein (16.8%) content of seed was observed in phosphonitrokara+ vermicompost+ ½ NP fertilizers treatment. It seems that bacteria in the biological and organic fertilizer along to chemical fertilizer by nitrogen fixing provided the necessary substrate for protein synthesis. According to grain yield, the highest oil yield was achieved in chemical fertilizer that there was no significant difference with biosulfur+ vermicompost+ ½ NP fertilizers. Likely, the positive effects of thiobacillus on oil seed was related to the appropriate turnover of photosynthesis enzymes, activity improvement of acetyl-CoA and increasing availability of carbon for oil biosynthesis. Maximum total sulphate, available phosphorus and total nitrogen content of soil was observed in biosulfur+ vermicompost, phosphonitrokara+ vermicompost+ ½ NP fertilizers and phosphonitrokara+ vermicompost+ ½ NP fertilizers, respectively. In treatments includes vermicompost due to increasing soil organic matter, humus colloids and carbon availability for activity of nitrogen fixing bacteria was occurred less leaching and increased maintenance and fixation of nitrogen in the soil. Soil pH was not affected by treatments. The finding showed that reduction of pH must be done during the process of long term and sulfur to be added to soil plenty and in times.
Conclusions
In general, we can suggest that biological (phosphonitrokara andbiosulfur) and organic (vermicompost) fertilizers along with chemical fertilizers by modifying the nutritional conditions of soil and reduce the use of chemical fertilizers can be effective in stability of production and conservation of environmental health.

Keywords


1. Ahmad, M., Zahir, Z. A., Khalid, M., Nazli, F., and Arshad, M. 2013. Efficacy of rhizobium and pseudomonas strains to improve physiology, ionic balance and quality of mung bean under salt-affected conditions on farmer’s fields. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 63: 170-176.
2. Altaf, A., Ishrat, K., and Abdin, M. Z. 2000. Effect of sulfur fertilization on oil accumulation, acetyl co-A concentration, and acetyl co-A carboxylase activity in the developing seeds of rapeseed (Brassica compestris L.). Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 51: 1023-1029.
3. Anonymous, 1987. Approved Methods of the AACC. Method 11-46, American Association of Chemists Inc. St Paul, MN, USA.
4. Arancon, N. Q., Edwards, C. A., Bierman, P., Welch, C., and Metzger, J. D. 2004. Influences of vermicomposts on field strawberries: 1. Effects on growth and yields. Bioresource Technology 93: 145-153.
5. Besharaty, H., and Malekzadeh, T. 2015. Effect of sulfur and thiobacillus on soybean growth and uptake of some nutrients in four calcareous soils with different buffering capacities. Iranian Journal of Soil Research 29 (2): 131- 145. (in Persian with English abstract).
6. Bremness, L. 1999. Herbs. Eyewitness Handbook. London.
7. Dorado, J., Zancada, M. C., Almendros, G., and Lopez-Fando, C. 2003. Changes in soil properties and humic substances after longterm amendments with manure and crop residues in dry land farming systems. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science 166: 31-38.
8. Eichler-Lobermann, B., Kohne, S., and Koppen, D. 2007. Effect of organic, inorganic and combined organic and inorganic P fertilization on plant P and soil P pools. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science 170: 623-628.
9. El-Dewiny, C. Y., Moursy, Kh. S., and. El-Aila, H. I. 2006. Effect of organic matter on the release and availability of phosphorus and their effects on spainch and radish plants. Research Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences 2(3): 103-108.
10. Erdal, I., Kepenek, K., and Kızılgoz, I. 2004. Effect of foliar iron applications at different growth stages on iron and some nutrient concentrations in strawberry cultivars. Turk Journal Agriculture Forest 28:421-427.
11. Fankem, H., Ngo Nkot, L., Deubel, A, Quinn, J., Merbach, W., and Etoa, F. X. 2008. Solubilization of inorganic phosphates and plant growth promotion by strains of Pseudomonas fluorescens isolated from acidic soils of Cameroon. African Journal of Microbiology Research 2: 171-178.
12. Graeme, J. B., Rod, B. L., Dana, M., and Anderson, G. C. 1993. Modeling of sulfur oxidation from elemental sulfur. Plant and Soil 155/156: 379-382.
13. Hasanudin, H. 2003. Increasing of the nutrient and uptake availability of N and P andthrough corn yield of inoculation of Mycorrhiza and Azotobacter on ultisol organic matter. Journal of Agriculture Sciences of Indonesia 5 (1): 83-89.
14. Izquierdo, N. G., and Aguirrezabal, L. A. N. 2008. Genetic variability in the response of fatty acid composition to minimum night temperature during grain filling in sunflower. Field Crops Research 106: 116-125.
15. Jahan, M., Nassiri Mahallati, M., Amiri, M. B., and Ehyayi, H. R. 2013. Radiation absorption and use efficiency of sesame as affected by biofertilizers inoculation in a low input cropping system. Industrial Crops and Products 43: 606- 61.
16. Kacar, B., and Katkat, A.V. 2007. Plant Nutrition. 3th Edn. Nobel Press; Ankara, Turkey.
17. Kaplan, M., and Orman, S. 1998. Effect of elemental sulfur and sulfur containing waste in a calcareous soil in turkey. Plant Nutrient 21 (8): 1655-1665.
18. Kennedy, I. R., Choudhury, A. T. M. A., and Kecske´s, M. L. 2004. Non-symbiotic bacterial diazotrophs in crop-farming systems:can their potential for plant growth promotion be better exploited? Soil Biology and Biochemistry 36: 1229-1244.
19. Khan, K., Pankaj, U., Verma, S. K., Gupta, A. K., Singh, R. P., and Verma, R. K. 2015. Bio-inoculants and vermicompost influence on yield, quality of Andrographis paniculata, and soil properties. Industrial Crops and Products 70: 404-409.
20. Kumar, S., Pandey, P., and Maheshwari, D. K. 2009. Reduction in dose of chemical fertilizers and growth enhancement of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) with application of rhizospheric competent Pseudomonas aeruginosa LES4. European Journal of Soil Biology 45: 334-340.
21. Kumar, A., Maury, B. R., and Raghuwanshi, R. 2014. . Isolation and characterization of PGPR and their effect on growth, yield and nutrient content in wheat (Triricum aestivum L.). Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology 3: 121-128.
22. Marschner, H. 1995. Mineral Nutriton of higher plants. 2nd. ed. Academic Pres; San Diago, USA.
23. Matthew, C. J., Bjorkman, M. K., David, M. K., Saito, A. M., and Zehr, P. J. 2008. Regional distributions of nitrogen-fixing bacteria in the Pacific Ocean. Limnol. Oceanogr 53: 63-77.
24. Modaihsh, S., Al-mustafa, W. A., and Metwally, A. E. 1989. Effect of elemental sulfur on chemical changes and nutrient availability in calcareous soils. Plant and Soil 116: 95-101.
25. Mohammadi, K. H., Ghalavand, A., Aghaalikhani, M., and Rokhzadi, A. 2011. Effect of different methods of increase soil fertility by adding organic, chemicals and biological fertilizers on grain yield and quality of canola (Brassica napus L.). Journal of Agroecology 3 (3): 298-308. (in Persian with English abstract).
26. Mohanty, S., Paikaray, N. K., and Rajan, A. R. 2006. Availability and uptake of phosphorus from organic manures in groundnut (Arachis hypogea L.)-corn (Zea mays L.) sequence using radio tracer technique. Geoderma 133: 225-230.
27. Page, A. L., Somner, C. E., and Nelson, P. W. 1996. Methods of soil analysis. Part 3. Chemical Methods. ASA/SSSA Madison, Wisconsin, USA
28. Patrici, I. 2000. Integrated nutrient management for sustaining crop yield in calcareous soils of India. GAU-PRII-International Potash Institute. National Symposium. Junagadh. Gujarat. India.
29. Phonglosa, A., Bhattacharyya, K., Ray, K., Mandal, J., Pari, A., Banerjee, H., and Chattopadhyay, A. 2015. Integrated nutrient management for okra in an inceptisol of easternIndia and yield modeling through artificial neural network. Scientia Horticulturae 187: 1-9.
30. Rodrigues, E. P., Santos Rodrigues, L., Martinez de Oliveira, A. L., Baldani, V. L. D., Teixeira, K., Urquiaga, S., and Reis, V. M. 2008. Azospirillum amazonense inoculation: Effects on growth, yield and N2 fixation of rice (Oryza sativa L.). Plant and Soil 302: 249-261.
31. Roesty, D., Gaur, R., and Johri, B. N. 2006. Plant growth stage, fertilizer management and bio-inoculation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria affect the rhizobacterial. Community structure in rain-fed wheat fields. Journal of Plant Science 38: 1111-1120.
32. Salimpour, S., Khavazi, K., Nadian, H., Besharati, H., and Miransari, M. 2010. Enhancing phosphorous availability to canola (Brassica napus L.) using P solubilizing and sulfur oxidizing bacteria. Australian Journal of Crop Science 4 (5): 330-334.
33. Shakeri, E., Amini Dehaghi, M., Tabatabaei, S. A., and Modares Sanavi, S. M. A. 2012. Effect of chemical fertilizer and biofertilizer on seed yield, its components, oil and protein percent in sesame varieties. Journal ofagriculturalscienceandsustainable production 22 (1): 71-86. (in Persian with English abstract).
34. Sharma, P. B. 2005. Fertilizer management in sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) based intercropping system in Tawa command area. Journal of Oilseeds Researsh 22: 63-65.
35. Shata, S. M., Mahmoud, A., and Siam, S. 2007. Improving calcareous soil productivity by integrated effect of intercropping and fertilizer. Reacerch Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences 3(6): 733-739.
36. Siami, A., and Besharaty, H. 2012. Effect of sulfur biological oxidation trend on release of iron and zinc. Iranian Journal of Soil Research 26 (3): 255- 267. (in Persian with English abstract).
37. Uzun, B., Arslan, C., and Furat, S. 2008. Variation in fatty acid compositions, oil content and oil yield in a germplasm collection of Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.). Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society 85: 1135-1142.
38. Varzi, M. R., Habibi, D., Vazan, S., and Pakzi, A. 2011. The effect of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria and nitrogen fertilizer on grain quality of sunflower. Journal of Crop Ecophysiology 7: 156-160. (in Persian with English abstract).
39. Vessy, K. 2003. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria as biofertilizars. Plant and Soil 255: 571-586.
40. Weiss, E. A. 2000. Oilseed Crops, 2nd ed., Blackwell Science Ltd., Bodmin, UK.
41. Zapata, F., and Roy, R. N. 2004. Use of phosphate rocks for sustainable agriculture. p. 117-122. Publication of the FAO Land and Water Development Division.
CAPTCHA Image