Effects of Planting Date, Bio-fertilizer Containing P Solubilizing Bacteria and Elements Foliar Application of Zinc and Boron on Physiological and Agronomic Traits of Bread Wheat (Aflakcultivar)

Document Type : Research Article

Authors

Lorestan University

Abstract

Introduction
Wheat, being a major source of human food, occupies a significant portion of cultivated area of globe mostly located in altitude from a few meters to more than 3,000 m above sea level. High temperature resulting from delay in planting date is one major environmental factor limiting growth and productivity of wheat. Plants need phosphorus in relatively large quantities, and its role cannot be played by any other elements. Phosphate bio-fertilizers bacteria such as Bacillus and Pseudomonas increased soil soluble phosphorus by secreting organic acids and phosphatase enzyme. In most of the Iranian soils pH is high and they are also calcareous. In this type of soils, solvability of micronutrients is less and it decreases absorption of micronutrients by plant, finally requirement of plants increases to this elements. This experiment was conducted to study the effects of planting date, Bio-fertilizer containing phosphate solubilizing bacteria and elements foliar application of zinc and boron on physiological and agronomic traits of bread wheat (Aflakcultivar).
Materials and Methods
To study the effects of planting date, bio-fertilizer containing phosphate solubilizing bacteria and elements foliar application of zinc and boron on physiological and agronomic traits of bread wheat (Aflakcultivar), an experiment was conducted at split factorial design based on randomized complete blocks with 16 treatments and three replications in Ramhormoz city in farming Year 2015-16. The experimental factors were included planting date in two levels (21 November and 5 January) as the main factor and use of bio-fertilizer in two levels of seed non-inoculated and seed inoculation with phosphate solubilizing bacteriaand elements foliar application of zinc and boron in four levels by water (control), zinc (3 L ha-1), boron (3 L ha-1) and zinc (3 L ha-1) + boron (3 L ha-1) to form of factorial as sub factor. Solutions for foliar application were prepared by using Zinc- chelate (7.5%) and Boron (5%). In this experiment, traits measured were involved leaf chlorophyll index (SPAD), leaf proline content, cell membrane stability index, maximum quantum efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm), grain yield, biological yield and harvest index. To determine leaf chlorophyll index (SPAD), digital chlorophyll meter (SPAD-502) was used. To determine leaf proline content Bates et al., (1973) method was used. To determine cell membrane stability index (CMSI) Luttset al., (1996) method was used and according to equation 1. The Fv/Fm was measured with a portable Photosynthetic Efficiency Analyser PEA (Walz, Germany) and according to equation 2.
1: CMSI=(1-(EC1/ EC2))×100
2: Fv/Fm= (Fm-F0)/Fm
Where in this equation EC1 is primary electrical conductivity, EC2 is secondary electrical conductivity, Fm is the maximum fluorescence, F0 is the minimum fluorescence, and Fv is the variable fluorescence (Fm-F0). Grain yield was estimated after physiological maturity and through total spikes harvested from the level of 1 m-2 per plot and after removing 0.5 m from the beginning and end respective planting rows. To measure the biological yield at maturity, after removing 0.5 m from the beginning and end respective planting rows from the level of 1 m-2 per plot all the plants were harvested and weighted for each plot separately. Harvest index was determined by the equation grain yield/biological yield × 100. Analysis of variance was performed by using general linear model (GLM) procedure of statistical analysis system (SAS version: 9.1). Traits means were compared by LSD test at 5% probability level.
Results and Discussion
The results showed that with delay in planting due to terminal heat stress all traits such as leaf chlorophyll index (SPAD), cell membrane stability index, Fv/Fm, grain yield, biological yield and harvest index except leaf proline content decreased significantly. Seed inoculation with bio-fertilizer containing phosphate solubilizing bacteria improved significantly all physiological and agronimic traits of bread wheat (Aflakcultivar) except harvest index in both the optimum planting dates and delayed. Between the different levels elements foliar application of zinc and boron, combined application of zinc+boron was more effective on physiological and agronomic traits of bread wheat (Aflakcultivar), and could reduce the harmful effects caused by the delay in planting. The interaction of seed inoculation with bio-fertilizer containing phosphate solubilizing bacteria and elements foliar application of zinc and boron except harvest index improved significantly harmful effects caused by the delay in planting on traits leaf chlorophyll index (SPAD), leaf proline content, cell membrane stability index, Fv/Fm, grain yield and biological yield to values 3.37%, 12.29%, 6.48%, 3.02%, 17.25% and 24.04%, respectively. Between interaction of bio-fertilizer containing phosphate solubilizing bacteria and elements foliar application of zinc and boron, the use of zinc nutrient than application of combining it with boron was more effective in reducing the harmful effects resulting from delay in planting.
Conclusions
In general it can be concluded that the optimum planting date (21 November), seed inoculation with bio-fertilizer containing phosphate solubilizing bacteria and elements foliar application of zinc and boron especially zinc, is three strategies appropriate management to improve physiological and agronomic traits of bread wheat (Aflakcultivar)in the Ramhormoz city.

Keywords


1. Abdoli, M., Esfandiari, E., Mousavi, B., and Sadeghzadeh, B. 2014. Effects of foliar application of zinc sulfate at different phenological stages on yield formation and grain zinc content of bread wheat (cv. Kohdasht). Azarian Journal of Agriculture 1 (1): 11-17. (in Persian).
2. Abd El-Gawad, A. M. 2008. Employment of bio-organic griculture technology for Zea mays L. cultivation in some desert soils. Research Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences 4: 553-565.
3. Ahmadi Lahijani, M. J., and Emam, Y. 2013. Responses of wheat genotypes to late-season drought stress using physiological indicators. Journal of crop production and processing 3 (9): 163-175. (in Persian).
4. Ali, S., Shah, A., Arif, M., Miraj, G., Ali, I., Sajjad, M., Farhatollah, M., Khan, Y., and Khan, M. 2009. Enhancement of wheat grain yield components through foliar application of zinc and boron. Sarhad Journal of Agriculture 25 (1): 15-19.
5. Aown, M., Raza, S., Saleem, M. F., Anjum, S. A., Khaliq, T., and Wahid, M. A. 2012. Foliar application of potassium under water deficit conditions improved the growth and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The Journal of Animal & Plant Sciences 22 (2): 431-437.
6. Asgarnejad, M. R., Zarei, Gh., and Zarezadeh, A. 2015. Effects of planting date and plant density on yield and yield components of Brassica nigra under Abarkooh climatic conditions. Journal of Crop Production 8 (3): 183-198. (in Persian).
7. Asthir, B., Thapar, R., Farooq, M., and Singh Bains, N. 2012. Exogenous application of thiourea improves the performance of late sown wheat by inducing terminal heat resistance. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology 15: 1337-1342.
8. Babaeian, M., Heidari, M., and Ghandari, M. 2011. Effect of drought stress and foliar micronutrients on physiological characteristics and nutrient uptake in sunflower (Helianthus annus L.). Iranian Journal of Filed Crop Science 2 (4): 377-391. (in Persian).
9. Bahari Saravi, H., and Pyrdashti, H. A. 2013. Evaluation of plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPR) and phosphate solubilizing (PSM) on yield and yield components wheat (N80 cultivar) at different levels of nitrogen and phosphorus in greenhouse conditions. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research 10 (4): 681-689. (in Persian).
10. Barr, H. D., and Weatherley, P. E. 1962. A re-examination of the relative turgidity technique for estimating water deficit in leaves. Australian Journal of Biological Science 15 (1): 413-428.
11. Bates, L. S., Waldern, R. P., and Teare, E. D. 1973. Rapid determination of free proline for water stress studies. Plant and Soil 39: 205-207.
12. Cakmak, I., Wolfgang, H. P., and Bonnie, M. C. 1996. Biofortification of durum wheat with zinc and iron. Cereal Chemistry 87 (1): 10-20.
13. Dhyani, K., Ansari, M. V., Roa, Y., Verma, R. S., Shukla, A., and Tuteja, N. 2013. Comparative physiological response of wheat genotypes under terminal heat stress. Plant Signaling and Behavior 8 (6) e24564: 1-6.
14. Ghasemian, V., Ghalavand, A., Soroosh Zadeh, A., and Pirzad, A. 2010. The effect of iron, zinc and manganese on quality and quantity of soybean seed. Journal of Phytology 2: 73-79.
15. Graham, A. W., and McDonald, G. K. 2001. Effect of zinc on photosynthesis and yield of wheat under heat stress. Proceedings of the 10th Australian Agronomy Conference 2001, Australian Society of Agronomy. Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.
16. Jafari Moghadam, M., Heidari Sharifabad, H., Noormohamadi, G., Sadeghian Motahar, Y., and Siadat, A. 2012. The Effect of Zinc, Boron and Copper Foliar Application, on Yield and Yield Components in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Annals of Biological Research 3 (8): 3875-3884.
17. Jalal Kamali, M. R., and Duveiller, E. 2008. Wheat Production and Research in Iran: A Success Story. In International Symposium on Wheat Yield Potential, Challenges to International Wheat Breeding. 2008. Mexico, D.F. CIMMYT.
18. Karmollachaab, A., and Gharineh, M. H. 2013. Effect of Zinc Element on Growth, Yield Components and some Physiological Characteristics of Maize under NaCl Salinity Stress. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research 11 (3): 446-453. (in Persian).
19. Koochaki, A., Tabrizi, L., and Ghorbani, R. 2008. Effect of biofertilizers on agronomic and quality criteria of Hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis). Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research 6 (1): 127-138. (in Persian).
20. Kumar, R., Goswami, S., Sharma, S. K., Singh, K., Gadpayle, K. A., and Kumar, N. 2012. Protection against heat stress in wheat involves change in cell membrane stability, antioxidant enzyme, osmolyte, H2O2 and transcript of heat shock protein. International Journal of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 4 (4): 83-91.
21. Lee, D. G., Ahsan, N., Lee, S. H., and Kang, K. Y. 2005. A proteomic approach in analyzing heat-responsive proteins in rice leaves. Proteomics. 7 (18): 3369-3383.
22. Lu, C. M., and Zhang, J. H. 2000: Heat-induced multiple effects on PSII in wheat plants. Journal of Plant Physiology 156: 259-265.
23. Lutts, S., Kinet, J. M., and Bouharmont, J. 1996. NaCl-induced senescence in leaves of rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars differing in salinity resistance. Journal of Annals of Botany 78: 389-398.
24. Mansouri, I. 2013. Response of promising line N8119 of wheat to application of phosphate bio-fertilizer. Agricultural Crop Management (Journal of Agriculture) 15 (1): 125-134. (in Persian).
25. Mansouri, H., and Hosseinpour, S. 2015. The parent specialized company and government commercial of Iran. Cereal Research Centre. International Grains Council: 97-93. (in Persian).
26. Marschner, H. 1995. Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants, 2nd ed. Academic Press, New York.
27. Modhej, A., and Fathi, Gh. 2008. Wheat Physiology. Islamic Azad University Puplication (Shushtar branch). pp 317. (in Persian).
28. Moeinian, M. R., Zargari, K., and Hassanpour, J. 2011. Effect of boron foliar spraying application on quality characteristics and growth parameters of wheat grain under drought stress. American-Eurasian Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Science 10 (4): 593-599.
29. Mohammadi, M. 2012. Effects of kernel weight and sourcelimitation on wheat grain yield under heat stress. African Journal of Biotechnology 11 (12): 2931-2937.
30. Molassiotis, A., Sotiropoulos, T., Tanou, G., Diamantidis, G., and Therios, I. 2006. Boron-induced oxidative damage and antioxidant and nucleolytic responses in shoot tips culture of the apple rootstock EM9 (Malus domestica Borkh). Environmental and Experimental Botany 56 (1): 54-62.
31. Moshattati, A., Alami-Saied, Kh., Siadat, S. A., Bakhshandeh, A. M., and Jalal-Kamali, M. R. 2010. Evaluation of terminal heat stress tolerance in spring bread wheat cultivars in Ahwaz conditions. Iranian Journal of Crop Sciences 12 (2): 85-99. (in Persian).
32. Mousavi, S. R., Galavi, M., and Ahmadvand, G. 2007. Effect of Zinc and manganese foliar application on yield, quality and enrichment on potato. Asian Journal of Plant Sciences 6 (1): 1256-1260.
33. Naiman, A. D., Latronico, A., and Salamon, G. 2009. Inoculation of wheat Azospirillum brasilense and Peseudomonas fluorescens: Impact on the production and culturable rhizosphere microflora. European Journal of Soil Biology 45 (1): 44-51.
34. Parvazi Shandi, S., Pazoki, A. R., Asgharzadeh, A., Azadi, A., and Paknejad, F. 2013. Effect of irrigation interval, humic acid and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria on physiological characteristics of kavir cultivar wheat. Crop Physiology Journal 5 (18): 19-33. (in Persian).
35. Radmehr, M. 1997. Effect of heat stress on physiology of growth and development of wheat. Ferdowsi University Press. pp. 201. (in Persian).
36. Shool, A., and Shamshiri, M. H. 2014. Effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and Pseudomonas fluorescence on chlorophyll fluorescence and photosynthetic pigments of pistachio seedlings (Pistacia vera cv. Qazvini) under four water regimes. European Journal of Experimental Biology 4 (3): 246-252.
37. Trolore, S. N., Hedley, M. J., Kirk, N., Bolan, S., and Loganathan, P. 2003. Changes in phosphorous fractions, pH, and phosphates activity in rhizosphere of two rice genotypes. Australian Journal of Soil Research 41 (1): 471-499.
38. VanKooten, O., and Snel, J. F. H. 1990. The use of chlorophyll fluresence nomenclature in plant strees physiology. Photosynthesis Research 25 (3): 147-150.
39. Wang, J. M., Zhao, H., Huang, D., and Wang, Z. 2012. Different increases in maize and wheat grain zinc concentrations caused by soil and foliar applications of zinc in Loess Plateau, China. Field Crops Research 135 (1): 89-96.
40. Waraich, E. A., Ahmad, R., Halim, A., and Aziz, T. 2012. Alleviation of temperature stress by nutrient management in crop plants: a review. Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition 12 (2): 221-244.
41. Yadavi, A. R., Saeidi Aboueshaghi, R., Movahhedi Dehnavi, M., and Balouchi, H. 2014. Effect of micronutrients foliar application on grain qualitative characteristics and some physiological traits of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) under drought stress. Indian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Life Sciences ISSN 4 (4): 124-131.
42. Yassen, A., Abou El-Nour, E., and Shedeed, S. 2010. Response of wheat to foliar Spray with urea and micronutrients. Journal of American Science 6 (9): 14-22.
43. Yousefpoor, Z., and Yadavi, A. R. 2013. Effect of Biological and Chemical Fertilizers of Nitrogen and Phosphorus on Quantitative and Qualitative Yield of Sunflower. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture and Production Science 24 (1): 95-112. (in Persian).
44. Zain, M., Khan, I., Khan Qadri, R. W., Ashraf, U., Hussain, S., Minhas, S., Siddique, A., Muzammil Jahangir, M., and Bashir, M. 2015. Foliar application of micronutrients enhances wheat growth, yield and related attributes. American Journal of Plant Sciences 6 (7): 864-869.
45. Zhao, Ai-Qing. 2011. Combined effect of iron and zinc on micronutrient levels in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Journal of Environmental Biology 32 (2): 235-239.
46. Zoz, T., Steiner, F., Fey, R., Dalazen Castagnara, D., and Pereira Seidel, E. 2012. Response of wheat to foliar application of zinc. Ciência Rural, Santa Maria 42 (5): 784-787.
CAPTCHA Image