Morpho-physiological and Yield Responses of Quinoa Genotypes (Chenopodium quinoa Willd) to the Application of Potassium and Zinc Chelates under Drought Stress Conditions

Document Type : Research Article

Authors

• Y Zahmatkesh ¹
• M Pessarakli ²
• A Souhani darbani ³

¹ Ph.D. Student of Crop Physiology, Islamic Azad University, Damghan Branch, Iran

² Department of Agriculture, University of Arizona, USA

³ Faculty of Agriculture, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad Branch, Iran

10.22067/jcesc.2022.78159.1191

Abstract

Introduction
Since the development of crop cultivation and their yield depend on irrigation and since drought is one of the features of our country, one of the solutions to deal with these problems is the implementation of applied research in the field of stress-resistant plants cultivation such as quinoa. Also, considering the important role of potassium and zinc elements in the plant, providing a sufficient amount of these elements under drought stress can be effective in increasing the plant's resistance to this type of stress. Considering the genetic differences of plants and their different reactions in the face of environmental stress such as drought stress, and different fertilization of genotypes, it seems necessary to carry out this research to investigate the application of potassium and zinc chelates on the morpho-physiological and yield indicators of three quinoa genotypes under drought stress conditions in Razavi Khorasan climate.
Materials and Methods
This study was conducted to study the morpho-physiological and yield responses of three quinoa genotypes to foliar application of zinc and potassium chelates under drought stress conditions in a research educational farm - Faculty of Agriculture of Islamic Azad University, Mashhad branch located in Golbahar during two crop years 2018-19 and 2019-20. The experiment was a factorial split plot in the form of a basic randomized complete block design with three replications. Drought stress at four levels as the main plots (normal irrigation as a control treatment, 75% of crop capacity, 50% of crop capacity, and 25% of crop capacity) and as the sub-plots, the combination of quinoa cultivars at three levels (Q26, Q29, and Titicaca) and foliar spraying were tested at four levels (no foliar spraying as a control, 100% zinc chelate, 100% potassium chelate and 50% combination of zinc and potassium chelates). Planting was done in the middle of May in both years. To measure the photosynthetic pigments after 10% flowering, sampling was obtained from the young terminal leaves separately from each plot. Analysis of the obtained data was done using SAS 9.2 software. The mean comparison of the evaluated traits was done using Duncan's multiple range test at 5% probability level.
Results and Discussion
The growth and yield indicators and photosynthetic pigments decreased with the increase in stress intensity. Results also showed that the combined foliar spray treatment resulted in higher height, plant weight, number of seeds per spike, seed, and biological yield than other fertilizer treatments. Although different varieties had different reactions to different traits, the highest plant weight, number of seeds per spike, thousand seed weight, seed yield, and chlorophyll a and b were obtained in the Q26 variety. The highest plant height and biological yield were obtained in the Tricaca variety and combined foliar application under non-stressed conditions, and for plant weight, number of seeds per spike, seed yield, and chlorophyll b traits were observed in the G26 variety and combined foliar application under non-stressed conditions. Also, the highest amount of harvest index and chlorophyll a were obtained in the treatment without stress and Q26 variety and 100% Zn foliar application. On the other hand, the highest 1000 seeds weight and carotenoids were obtained in 100% K foliar application and Q26 and Tricaca cultivars under no stress, respectively. In the second year of the experiment, the growth and yield of the plant increased significantly compared to the first year under different levels of irrigation and also different levels of foliar spraying.
Conclusion
In general, in this experiment, the yield of the quinoa plant is reduced by reducing the amount of water consumed and as a result, the occurrence of drought stress, but with the use of foliar spraying, especially combined foliar spraying, the adverse effects of drought stress on the performance of this plant can be reduced to an optimal extent. It seems that in the region in question, the difference in rainfall and evaporation, and transpiration in the two years of the experiment had a significant effect on the studied traits so that in the first year compared to the second year, the limitation of water resources was more effective in reducing plant growth and yield. However, using appropriate amounts of combined and separate foliar spraying to increase the plant's ability to absorb water more effectively is a suitable method to increase the yield of different quinoa cultivars under drought stress.

Keywords

• Biological yield
• Crop capacity
• Photosynthetic pigments
• Seed yield

20.1001.1.20081472.1402.21.2.8.6

Main Subjects

• Environmental stresses

---

Open Access

©2022 The author(s). This article is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0), which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source.

References

1. Abarshahr, M., Rabiei, B., & Samizadeh-Lahigi, H. (2011). Assessing genetic diversity of rice varieties under drought stress conditions. Notulae Scientia Biologicae, 3, 114-123.
2. Adebayo, M. A., Menkir, A., Blay, E., Gracen, V., Danquah, E., & Hearne, S. (2014). Genetic analysis of drought tolerance in adapted × exotic crosses of maize inbred lines under managed stress conditions. Euphytica, 196, 261-270.
3. Adolf, V. I., Shabala, S., Andersen, M. N., Razzaghi, F., & Jacobsen, S. E. (2012). Varietal differences of quinoa’s tolerance to saline conditions. Plant and Soil, 357(1-2), 117-129.
4. Alavi Matin, S., Rahnama, A., & Meskarbashi, M. (2015). Effects of type and rate of potassium fertilizer on agronomic and physiological traits of two durum wheat varieties under salt stress. Cereal Research, 5(2), 177-187. (in Persian with English abstract).
5. Aliyeva, N. Kh., Gafarova, E., Aliyeva, D. R., Suleymanov, S. Y., Rzayev, F. H., & Gasimov, E. K. (2019). The effect of salt (NaCl) stress on the ultrastructure of mesophyll and bundle sheath cell chloroplasts and the activity of superoxide dismutase in maize plants (Zea mays L.). Journal of Life Sciences & Biomedicine, 1(74), 96-104.
6. Arnon, A. N. (1967). Method of extraction of chlorophyll in the plants. Agronomy Journal, 23, 112-121.
7. Azab, E. (2016). Effect of Water Stress and Biological Fertilization on Maize Growth, Chemical Composition and Productivity in Calcareous Soil. American Journal of Plant Physiology, 11, 1-11.
8. Azizabadi, E., Golchin, A., & Delavar, M. (2014). Effect of potassium and drought stress on growth indices and mineral content of safflower leaf. Journal of Statistical Planning and Inference, 5(3), 65-80. (in Persian with English abstract).
9. Babaei, Kh., Seyed Sharifi, R., Pirzad, P., & Khalilzadeh, R. (2017). Effects of bio fertilizer and nano Zn-Fe oxide on physiological traits, antioxidant enzymes activity and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum) under salinity stress. Journal of Plant Interactions, 12(1), 381-389. https://doi.org/10.1080/17429145.2017.1371798
10. Babaeian, M., Heidari, M., & Ghanbari, A. (2008). Effects of foliar micronutrient application on osmotic adjustments, grain yield and yield components in sunflower (Alster cultivar) under water stress at three stages. Journal of Science and Technology of Agriculture and Natural Resources, 40(12), 119-129.
11. Campelo, D. H., Teixeira, A. S., Moreira, L. C. J., & Lacerda, C. F. (2019). Growth, production and water and nitrogen use efficiency of maize under water depths and nitrogen fertilization. Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental, 23(10), 747-753. https://doi.org/10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v23n10
12. Casamali, B., van Iersel, M. W., & Chavez, D. J. (2021). Plant Growth and Physiological Responses to Improved Irrigation and Fertilization Management for Young Peach Trees in the Southeastern United States, HortScience horts, 56(3), 336-346. Retrieved Apr 19, 2022, from https://journals.ashs.org/hortsci/view/journals/hortsci/56/3/article-p336.xml
13. Cheng, M., Wang, H., Fan, J., Zhang, F., & Wang, X. (2021). Effects of Soil Water Deficit at Different Growth Stages on Maize Growth, Yield, and Water Use Efficiency under Alternate Partial Root-Zone Irrigation. Water, 13, 148. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13020148
14. Creelman, R. A., & Mullet, J. E. (2008). Biosynthesis and action of Jasmonates in plants. Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology, 48, 355-381.
15. Fahad, S., Bajwa, A. A., Nazir, U., Anjum, S. A., Farooq, A., Zohaib, A., Sadia, S., Nasim, W., Adkins, S., Saud, S., Ihsan, M. Z., Alharby, H., Wu, C., Wang, D., & Huang, J. (2017) Crop Production under Drought and Heat Stress: Plant Responses and Management Options. Frontiers in Plant Science, 1147. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2017.01147
16. Farokhian, Sh., Tohidi-Nejad, E., & Mohammadi-Nejad, Gh. (2021). Studying the effect of bio-fertilizers on the yield components of Sesame (Sesamum indicum) genotypes under drought stress condition. Central Asian Journal of Plant Science Innovation, 1(1), 32-38. https://doi.org/10.22034/CAJPSI.2021.01.04
17. Ghavamsaeidi noghabi, S., Shahidi, A., & Homami, H. (2021). Estimation of Water Requirement and Crop Coefficient for Hemp at Different Growth Stages in Birjand Plain. Journal of Water Research in Agriculture, 34(4), 563-573. (in Persian with English abstract). https://doi.org/10.22092/jwra.2021.122794.
18. Giunta, F., Mefleh, M., Pruneddu, G., & Motzo, R. (2021). Role of Nitrogen Uptake and Grain Number on the Determination of Grain Nitrogen Content in Old Durum Wheat Cultivars. Agronomy, 11, 42. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11010042
19. Haghshenas, M., Nazarideljou, M. J., & Shokoohian, A. (2020). Phytochemical and Quality Attributes of Strawberry Fruit under Osmotic Stress of Nutrient Solution and Foliar Application of Putrescine and Salicylic Acid. International Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology, 7(3), 263-278. https://doi.org/10.22059/ijhst.2020.298283.347
20. Hameed, A., Ahmed, M. Z., Hussain, T., Aziz, I., Ahmad, N., Gul, B., & Nielsen, B. L. (2021). Effects of Salinity Stress on Chloroplast Structure and Function. Cells, 10(8), 2023. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells10082023. PMID: 34440792; PMCID: PMC8395010.
21. Jacobsen, S. E., Liu, F., & Jensen, C. R. (2009). Does root-sourced ABA play a role for regulation of stomata under drought in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa ). Scientia Horticulturae, 122(2), 281-287.
22. Jacobsen, S. E., Monteros, C., Christiansen, J. L., Bravo, L. A., Corcuera, L. J., & Mujica, A. (2005). Plant responses of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa ) to frost at various phenological stages. European Journal of Agronomy, 22, 131-139.
23. Jalil Shesh Bahre, M., & Movahedi Dehnavi, M. (2012). Effect of zinc and iron foliar application on soybean seed vigor grown under drought stress. Electronic Journal Crop Production, 5 (1), 19-35.
24. Jamali, S., & Sharifan, H. (2018). Investigation the effect of different Salinity levels on Yield and Yield components of Quinoa (Cv. Titicaca). Journal of Water and Soil Conservation, 25(2), 251-266. (in Persian with English abstract). https://doi.org/10.22069/jwsc.2018.13721.2841
25. Karlický, V., Kmecová Materová, Z., & Kurasová, I. (2021). Accumulation of geranylgeranylated chlorophylls in the pigment-protein complexes of Arabidopsis thaliana acclimated to green light: effects on the organization of light-harvesting complex II and photosystem II functions. Photosynthesis Research, 149, 233-252. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11120-021-00827-1
26. Keshtkar, A., Aien, A., Naghavii, H., & Najafi Nezhad, H. (2021). Effect of foliar application of jasmonic acid and drought stress on yield and some agronomic and physiologic traits of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd) cultivars. Environmental Stresses in Crop Sciences, 14(2), 403-414. (in Persian with English abstract). https://doi.org/10.22077/escs.2020.2402.1711
27. Khademian, R., Ghassemi, S., & Asghari, B. (2019). Bio-fertilizer Improves Physio-biochemical Characteristics and Grain Yield of Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) under Drought Stress. Russian Agricultural Sciences, 45, 458-463. https://doi.org/10.3103/S1068367419050124
28. Lamochi, S., & Sakinejad, T. (2019). Evaluation Seed Yield, Its Components and Morphological Traits of Corn in Response of Consume Super Absorbent Polymers and Nitroxin. Journal of Crop Nutrition Science, 5(1), 18-32.
29. Moemeni, F., Ghobadi, M., Jalali-Honarmand, S., & Shekaari, P. (2015). The response of physiological characteristics of chickpea to K and Zn fertilizers under dryland farming and supplementary irrigation conditions. Journal of Plant Process and Function, 3(9), 71-84. (in Persian with English abstract).
30. Mohseni, S. H., Esmaeili, M. A, Pirdashti, H., Abbasi, R., & Nasiri, M. (2020). Effect of potassium fertilizers on chlorophyll florescence and photosynthetic pigments in rice (Oryza sativa var. Tarom Hashemi) in regulated deficit irrigation condition. Journal of Plant Process and Function, 9(35), 1-22. (in Persian with English abstract).
31. Parkash, V., & Singh, S. (2020). A Review on Potential Plant-Based Water Stress Indicators for Vegetable Crops. Sustainability, 12, 3945. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12103945
32. Ravi, S., Channal, H. T., Hebsur, N. S., Patil, B. N., & Dharmatti, P. R. (2008). Effect of sulphur, zinc and iron nutrition on growth, yield, nutrient uptake and quality of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius ). Karnataka Journal Agriculture Science, 32, 382-385.
33. Salehinia, P. (2019). The effect of camel manure and manganese sulfate on yield and yield components of foxtail millet. Master's Thesis, agrotechnology major, agroecology, Faculty of Agriculture, Birjand University. (in Persian with English abstract).
34. Seyed Sharifi, R., Namvar, A., & Seyed Sharifi, R. (2017). Grain filling and fatty acid composition of safflower fertilized with integrated nitrogen fertilizer and biofertilizers. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira, 52(04), 236-243. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-204X2017000400003
35. Shekofteh, H., & Dehghani Fatehabad, R. (2016). Effect of Water Stress and Potassium on Yield and Yield Components of Cumin (Cuminum cyminum). Journal of Plant Physiology and Breeding, 8(2), 167-178. (in Persian with English abstract). https://doi.org/10.22084/ppt.2016.1863
36. Sofy, M. R., Sharaf, A. E. M., & Fouda, H. M. (2016). Stimulatory effect of hormones, vitamin C on growth, yield and some metabolic, activities of Chenopodium quinoa plants in Egypt. Journal of Plant Biochemistry and Physiology, 10, 2329-9029.
37. Swiatek, A., Azmi, A., Witters, E., & Van Onckelen, H. (2003). Stress Massengers Jsmonic acid and Abccisic acid negatively regulate plant cell cycle. Journal of Plant Physiology, 172-178.
38. Talukdar, D. (2013). Comparative morpho-physiological and biochemical responses of lentil and grass pea genotypes under water stress. Journal of Natural Science, Biology and Medicine, 4(2), 396-402. https://doi.org/10.4103/0976-9668.116983
39. Verma, K. K., Song, X. P., Zeng, Y., Li, D. M., Guo, D. J., Rajput, V. D., Chen, G. L., Barakhov, A., & Minkina, T. M. (2020). Characteristics of Leaf Stomata and Their Relationship with Photosynthesis in Saccharum officinarum Under Drought and Silicon Application. ACS Omega, 5, 37, 24145- https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.0c03820
40. Wang, Q., Jiang, L., Chen, Y., Tian, X., & Lv, G. (2021). Abiotic stress-by-competition interactions drive hormone and nutrient changes to regulate Suaeda salsa growth. Global Ecology and Conservation, 31, e01845. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01845
41. Waraich, E. A., Ahmad, R., Ashraf, M. Y., Saifullah, & Ahmad, M. (2011). Improving agricultural water use efficiency by nutrient management in crop plants. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B — Soil & Plant Science, 61(4), 291-304. https://doi.org/10.1080/09064710.2010.491954
42. Waraich2012, E. A., Ahmad, R., Halim, A., & Aziz, T. (2012). Alleviation of temperature stress by nutrient management in crop plants: A review. Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 12, 221-244.
43. Yang, X., Lu, M., Wang, Y., Wang, Y., Liu, Z., & Chen, S. (2021). Response Mechanism of Plants to Drought Stress. Horticulturae, 7, 50. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae7030050
44. Yousefi, M. (2012). Impact of Zn and Mn foliar application on yield of pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo ) under two irrigation regimes. International Journal of Agriculture: Research and Review, 2(3), 102-107.