Effects of Silica and Zinc on the Quantity and Quality of Grain and Rapeseed Oil in Different Planting Dates

Document Type : Research Article

Authors

• M Shahmardan
• E Rahimi Petrodi
• A Daneshmand
• H Mobasser

Department of Agronomy, Qaemshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qaemshahr, Iran

10.22067/jcesc.2022.73395.1108

Abstract

Introduction
Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) has a special rank among oilseeds due to its outstanding agronomic characteristics. Planting date is an important factor that affects grain yield, oil content and fatty acid composition. Delay in rapeseed planting reduces vegetative growth period and produces plants with less biomass, and reduces yield components and grain yield due to the exposure of the reproductive stage to high temperatures. Proper nutrition of the plant is one of the important factors in improving the quantity and quality of the product. Silicon is not considered an essential element for excellent plants. However, silicon has an effect on improving plant growth, biomass, seed yield and quality, photosynthesis and resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Zinc also regulates plant growth and activates many enzymes. This element is necessary for the synthesis of chlorophyll and the formation of carbohydrates.
Materials and Methods
In order to conduct this research, a field experiment was conducted as a split-factorial in a randomized complete block design with three replications at Qhaemshahr Agricultural Research Station (Qarakheil) during 2017-18. Planting dates as the main plot at two levels (normal planting [7 October] and delayed planting [22 October]), silicon fertilizer sources at three levels (control [no consumption], calcium silicate, nano-Si) and zinc fertilizer sources at three levels (control [no consumption], zinc sulfate, nano-Zn) were considered as sub-plots. Calcium silicate and zinc sulfate (200 kg ha^-1) were added to the soil before rapeseed planting. Silica and zinc nanoparticles (50 mg l^-1) were sprayed in two stages of flowering and pod formation. The soil of the test site had clay loamy texture with pH 7.5, organic matter 3.2%, total nitrogen 0.16%, absorbable P 15.7 mg kg^-1 and absorbable K 101 mg kg^-1. The average annual rainfall at the test site was 745 mm. Data were analyzed by Mstat-C statistical software and the means were compared with LSD test at a probability level of 5%.
Results and Discussion
Plant height, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, 1000-seed weight, grain yield, seed oil, grain silica and grain zinc were the studied traits that other than grain silica (non-significant) other traits decreased with delay in planting. The present study showed that for each day of delay in planting, 39.15 kg ha^-1 of grain yield was reduced. With the delay of planting from 7 October to 22 October, the total grain yield decreased by 22.03% due to the decrease in the number of pods per plant, 1000-seed weight and number of seeds per pod. Seed oil also decreased by 3.3% with a delay in planting. Number of pods per plant (10.30 and 12.11%), grain yield (11.15 and 12.43%), and grain silica (9.63 and 11.57%) increased with the use of calcium silicate and nano-silica, respectively, compared to the control. The number of seeds in pods (14.85 and 13.01%) and grain zinc (21.47 and 26.57%) also increased with the use of zinc sulfate and nano-zinc, respectively, compared to the control. Nano-zinc increased the number of pods per plant, 1000-seed weight and grain yield compared to the control (18.66, 15.64 and 20.50%, respectively). The maximum number of seeds per pod was obtained in normal planting date with calcium silicate (49.8 seeds) and the maximum seed oil was obtained under the combined treatments of nano-silica and zinc sulfate (47.3%) and nano-silica and nano-zinc (47.5%).
Conclusion
In general, the results of the current study showed that the highest grain yield and grain silica concentration were obtained by application different sources of silica as well as nano-zinc foliar application. The maximum concentration of grain zinc was obtained by application different sources of zinc. The highest percentage of oil was recorded with the simultaneous application of nano-silica and different sources of zinc.

Keywords

• Grain silica concentration
• Grain yield
• Grain zinc concentration
• Oil percentage

20.1001.1.20081472.1401.20.2.8.9

Main Subjects

• Application of nanotechnology in agriculture

---

References

1. Abbasi, N., Cheraghi, J., and Hajinia, S. 2019. Effect of iron and zinc micronutrient foliar application as nano and chemical on physiological traits and grain yield of two bread wheat cultivars. Crop Physiology 11 (43): 85-104. (in Persian with English abstract).
2. Afsahi, K., Nazari, M., Omidi, H., Shakari, F., and Bostani, A. 2020. The effects of different methods of zinc application on canola seed yield and oil content. Journal of Plant Nutrition 43 (8): 1070-1079. https://doi.org/10.1080/01904167.2020.1724299.
3. Ahmadi, M. 2010. Effect of zinc and nitrojen fertilizer rate on yield and yield components of oilseed Rape (Brassica napus). American-Eurasian Journal Agriculture Environment Science 7 (3): 259-264.
4. Arkadiusz, A. 2018. Effect of silicon fertilization on crop yield quantity and quality-A Literature Review in Europe. Plants 7 (3): 1-17. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants7030054.
5. Aytak, Z., Gulmezoglu, N., Sirel, Z., and Tolay, I. 2015. The effect of zinc on yield, yield components and micronutrient concentrations in the seeds of safflower genotypes (Carthamus tinctorius). Network of Bitany, Horticulture and Agrology 42 (1): 202-208. https://doi.org/10.15835/nbha4219405.
6. Baghai, N., and Maleki Farahani, S. 2014. Comparison of nano and micro chelated iron fertilizers on quantitative yield and assimilates allocation of saffron (Crocus sativus). Journal of Saffron Research 1 (2): 156-169.
7. Cashin, P., Mohaddes, K., Raissi, M., and Raissi, M. 2014. The differential effects of oil demand and supply shocks on the global economy. Energy Economics 44: 113-134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2014.03.014.
8. Confortin, T. C., Todero, I., Luft, L., Ugalde, G. A., Mazutti, M. A., Oliveira, Z. B., Bottega, E. L., Knies, A. E., Zabot, G. L., and Tres, M. V. 2019. Oil yields, protein contents, and cost of manufacturing of oil obtained from different hybrids and sowing dates of canola. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering 7 (2): 102972. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2019.102972.
9. Dallagnol, L. J., Rodrigues, F. A., DaMatta, F. M., Mielli, M. V. B., and Pereira, S. C. 2011. Deficiency in silicon uptake affects cytological, physiological, and biochemical events in the rice-Bipolaris oryzae interaction. Phytopathology 101 (1): 92-104. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-04-10-0105.
10. Dekamin, M., Barmaki, M., Kanooni, A., and Meshkini, S. R. M. 2018. Cradle to farm gate life cycle assessment of oilseed crops production in Iran. Engineering in Agriculture, Environment and Food 11 (4): 178-185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eaef.2018.04.003.
11. Ehteshami, S. M., Tehrani, A., and Samadi, B. 2016. Effect of planting date on some phonological and morphological characteristics, yield and yield components of fie rapeseed (Brassica napus) cultivars. Applied Field Crops Research (pajouhesh and Sazandegi) 109: 111-120. (in Persian with English abstract).
12. Emami, A. 1996. Methods of plant analysis. Vol. 982. Soil and Water Res. Institute, Tehran. Iran. (in Persian with English abstract).
13. Fanaei, H. R., Galavi, M., Ghanbari Bongar, A., Solouki, M., and Naruoei-Rad, M. R. 2008. Effect of planting date and seeding rate on grain yield and yield components in two rapeseed (Brassica napus) cultivars under Sistan conditions. Iranian J ournal Crop Science 10 (2): 15-30. (in Persian with English abstract).
14. Fang, Y., Wang, L., Xin, Z., Zhao, L., An, X., and Hu, Q. 2008. Effect of foliar application of zinc, selenium, and iron fertilizers on nutrients concentration and yield of rice grain in China. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry 56 (6): 2079-2084. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf800150z.
15. Fani, E., Hassibi, P., Meskarbashee, M., Khanlou, K. M., and Seyedahmadi, S. A. 2019. Effect of drought stress and silica spraying on some physiological and functional traits of canola cultivars. Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science 25 (1): 62-66.
16. FAOSTAT (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Statistical Database). 2019. FAOSTAT Production Statistics of Crops.
17. Faraji, A. 2010. Determination of phonological response of spring canola (Brassica napus) genotypes to sowing date, temperature and photoperiod. Seed and Plant Production Journal 26 (1): 25-41.
18. Ghafari, H., and Razmjoo, J. 2013. Effect of foliar application of nano-iron oxidase, iron chelate and iron sulphate rates on yield and quality of wheat. International Journal of Agronomy and Plant Production 4 (11): 2997-3003.
19. Gottardi, S., Iacuzzo, F., Tomasi, N., Cortella, G., Manzocco, L., Pinton, R., Römheld, V., Mimmo, T., Scampicchio, M., Dalla Costa, L., and Cesco, S. 2012. Beneficial effects of silicon on hydroponically grown corn salad (Valerianella locusta (L.) Laterr) plants. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 56: 14-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2012.04.002.
20. Hashemi, A., Abdolzadeh, A., and Sadeghipour, H. R. 2010. Beneficial effects of silicon nutrition in alleviating salinity stress in hydroponically grown canola, Brassica napus, plants. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition 56 (2): 244-253.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-0765.2009.00443.x.
21. Homayouni, Gh., Souri, M. K., and Zarein, M. 2013. Effects of zinc and nitrogen on yield components of five flax genotypes. Global Journal of Science Frontier Research Chemistry 13 (1): 20-24.
22. Joshi, N. L., Mali, P. C., and Sexena, A. 1998. Effect of nitrogen and sulphur application on yield and fatty acid composition of mustard (Brassica juncea) Oil. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science 180 (1): 59-63. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-037X.1998.tb00370.x.
23. Kalandyk, A., Waligórski, P., and Dubert, F. 2014. Zastosowanie biostymulatorów w łagodzeniu skutków suszy i innych stresów środowiskowych u soi zwyczajnej (Glycine max Merr.). Episteme Czasopismo Naukowo-Kulturalne 22 (3): 267-274.
24. Kalantar Ahmadi, S. A., and Shoushi Dezfouli, A. A. 2019. Effects of foliar application of micronutrients on seed yield and oil quality of canola (Brassica napus cv. Hyola401) under drought stress conditions. Iranian Journal of Crop Sciences 21 (3): 237-253. (in Persian with English abstract). DOI: 10.29252/abj.21.3.237.
25. Kamari, H., SeyedSharifi, R., and Sedghi, M. 2014. Effect of Nano Zinc oxide foliar application and application of free living nitrogen fixing bacteria on yield and morphophysiological characteristics of Triticale. Crop Physiology Journal 6 (22): 37-52. (in Persian with English abstract).
26. Kheyri, N., Ajam-Norouzi, H., Mobasser, H. R., and Torabi, B. 2019. Effects of silicon and zinc nanoparticles on growth, yield, and biochemical characteristics of rice. Agronomy Journal 111 (6): 3084-3090. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2019.04.0304.
27. Liang, Y., Nikolic, M., Bélanger, R., Gong, H., and Song, A. 2015. Silicon in Agriculture: From Theory to Practice. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9978-2.
28. Ligaba-Osena, A., Guo, W., Choi, S. C., Limmer, M. A., Seyfferth, A. L., and Hankoua, B. B. 2020. Silicon enhances biomass and grain yield in an ancient Crop Tef (Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter). Frontiers in Plant Science 11: 608503. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2020.608503.
29. Maghsoudi, K., Emam, Y., and Pessarakli, M. 2013. Effect of silicon on photosynthetic gas exchange, photosynthetic pigments, cell membrane stability and relative water content of different wheat cultivars under drought stress conditions. Journal of Plant Nutrition 39 (7): 1001-1015. https://doi.org/10.1080/01904167.2015.1109108.
30. Manzeke, G. M., Mtambanengwe, F., Nezomba, H., and Mapfumo, P. 2014. Zinc fertilization influence on maize productivity and grain nutritional quality under integrated soil fertility management in Zimbabwe. Field Crops Research 166: 128-136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2014.05.019.
31. Mir, Y., Daneshvar, M., and Esmaeili, A. 2020. Investigation of the Possibility of Reducing Quantitative and Qualitative Damage of Rapeseed Neptune Cultivar in Water Deficit Conditions by Applying Foliar Application of Salicylic Acid and Micronutrients. Crop Physiology 12 (3 (47)): 65-81.
32. Moradbeigi, L., Gholami, A., Shiranirad, A., Abbasdokht, H., and Asghari, H. 2019. Effect of drought stress and delay cultivation on grain yield, oil yield and fatty acids composition in Canola. Journal of Agricultural Science 29 (2): 135-151. (in Persian with English abstract).
33. Nazeri, P., Shirani Rad, A. H., Valad Abadi, S. A., Mirakhori, M., and Hadidi Masoule, E. 2019. The effect of planting date and late season drought stress on eco-physiological characteristics of the new varieties of canola (Brassica napus). Agroecology 11 (1): 261-276. (in Persian with English abstract). DOI:10.22067/jag.v11i1.67311.
34. Ozer, H. 2003. Sowing date and nitrogen rate effects on growth yield and yield components of two summer rapeseed cultivars. European Journal of Agronomy 19 (3): 453-463. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1161-0301(02)00136-3.
35. Pasban Eslam, B. 2011. Study of possibility of delayed planting of oilseed rape (Brassica napus) in east Azerbaijan in Iran. Seed and Plant Production Journal 27 (3): 269-284. (in Persian with English abstract).
36. Pavlista, A. D., Isbell, T. A., Baltensperger, D. D., and Hergert, G. W. 2011. Planting date and development of spring-seeded irrigated canola, brown mustard and camelina. Industrial Crops and Products 33 (2): 451-456. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2010.10.029.
37. Payandeh, K., Mojdam, M., and Derogar, N. 2018. Application of micronutrient elements on quantitative and qualitative yield of rapeseed under drought tension conditions. Crop Physiology 10 (38): 23-37. (in Persian with English abstract).
38. Qiao, X., He, Y., Wang, Z., Li, X., Zhang, K., and Zeng, H. 2014. Effect of foliar spray of zinc on chloroplast β-carbonic anhydrase expression and enzyme activity in rice (Oryza sativa) leaves. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum 36 (2): 263-272. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11738-013-1407-6.
39. Samart, S., Chutipaijit, S., and Phakamas, N. 2017. Evaluating the effect of zinc oxide nanoparticles on the physiological responses of nine non-photoperiod sensitive rice cultivars. Materials Today: Proceedings 4 (5): 6430-6435. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2017.06.149.
40. Sana, M., Ali, A., Asghar Malik, M., Farrukh Saleem, M., and Rafiq, M. 2006. Comparative yield potential and oil contents of different canola cultivars (Brassica napus). Journal of Agronomy 72 (3): 187-193.
41. Shabanzadeh, S., and Galavi, M. 2011. Effect of micronutrients foliar application and irrigation regimes on agronomic traits and yield of black cumin (Nigella sativa). Environmental Stresses in Crop Sciences 4 (1): 1-9. (in Persian with English abstract). DOI:10.22077/ESCS.2011.94.
42. Shafighi, A., Ardakani, M. R., Shirani Rad, A. H., Alavifazel, M., and Rafiei, F. 2021. Grain yield and associated physiological traits of rapeseed (Brassica napus) cultivars under different planting dates and drought stress at the flowering stage. Italian Journal of Agronomy 16 (1): 1648. https://doi.org/10.4081/ija.2020.1648.
43. Shams, H., Abdolzadeh, A., Sadeghipour, H. R., Mehraban Joubani, P., and Bagherieh Najar, M. B. 2019. Effects of silicon nutrition on the alleviation of salinity induced oxidative stress in Arabidopsis thaliana. Journal of Plant Research (Iranian Journal of Biology) 32 (1): 111-124. (in Persian with English abstract).
44. Sheikh Beig Goharrizi, M. A., Dejahang, A., Tohidfar, M., Izadi-Darbandi, A., Carillo, N., Hajirezaei, M. R., and Vahdati, K. 2016. Agrobacterium mediated transformation of somatic embryos of Persian walnut using fld gene for osmotic stress tolerance. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology 18 (2): 423-435.
45. Shoja, T., Majidian, M., and Rabiee, M. 2018. Effects of zinc, boron and sulfur on grain yield, activity of some antioxidant enzymes and fatty acid composition of rapeseed (Brassica napus). Acta agriculturae Slovenica 111 (1): 73-84. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.14720/aas.2018.111.1.08.
46. Sieling, K., Böttcher, U., and Kage, H. 2017. Sowing date and N application effects on tap root and above-ground dry matter of winter oilseed rape in autumn. European Journal of Agriculture 83: 40-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2016.11.006.
47. Singh, S., and Sinha, S. 2005. Accumulation of metals and its effects in (Brassica juncea) Czern (cv. Rohini) grown on various amendments of tannery waste. Ecotoxicolgy and Environmental Safety 62 (1): 118-127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2004.12.026.
48. Sohail Kamran, K., Kemmerling, B., Shutaywi, M., and Mashwani, Z. U. R. 2020. Nano zinc elicited biochemical characterization, nutritional assessment, antioxidant enzymes and fatty acid profiling of rapeseed. Plos One 10: 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0241568.
49. Tandon, H. L. S. 2005. Micronutrients in soil, crops, and fertilizers. Fertilizer Development and Consultation Organization, New Delhi, India. 138p.
50. Tobe, A., Hokmalipour, S., Jafarzadeh, B., and Hamele Darbandi, M. 2013. Effect of sowing date on some phenological stages and oil contents in spring canola (Brassica napus) cultivars. Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research 13 (9): 1202-1212.
51. Upadhyaya, H., Roy, H., Shome, S., Tewari, S., Bhattacharya, M. K., and Panda, S. K. 2017. Physiological impact of zinc nanoparticle on germination of rice (Oryza sativa) seed. Journal of Plant Science and Phytopathology 1: 062-070.
52. Zaid, A., Gul, F., Ahanger, M. A., and Ahmad, P. 2018. Chapter 20 - Silicon-mediated alleviation of stresses in plants. Plant Metabolites and Regulation Under Environmental Stress 377-387. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-812689-9.00020-0.
53. Zargar, S. M., Mahajan, R., Bhat, J. A., Nazir, M., and Deshmukh, R. 2019. Role of silicon in plant stress tolerance: opportunities to achieve a sustainable cropping system. Biotech 9: 73. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-019-1613-z.