Effect of Planting Dates and Irrigation Level on Growth Criteria, Yield and Yield Components of Isabgol (Plantago ovata L.) under the Weather Conditions of Sarakhs

Document Type : Research Article

Authors

• M. R Roostanezhad ¹
• M Bannayan Aval ²
• P Rezvani Moghaddam ²
• Gh. A Gazanchiyan ³

¹ PhD Student of Agroecology, Department of Agrotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran

² Department of Agrotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran

³ Khorasan Razavi Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Mashhad, Iran

10.22067/jcesc.2021.67257.0

Abstract

Introduction
Proper planting date and irrigation rate are the most important factors for better use of rainfall and soil moisture and thus increase crop yield. Production of medicinal and aromatic plants and the demand for natural products in the world is increasing, so that the twentieth century has been named as a return to nature and the century of using herbal medicines. Proper growth and development of medicinal plants in agricultural conditions requires knowledge of the ecological characteristics of these plants, careful study of planting techniques and the use of agricultural inputs, especially irrigation, fertilizers, suitable planting and harvesting times and their management. Such factors also affect the amount of secondary metabolites in medicinal plants. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of four planting dates and four irrigation rates on the yield traits of isabgol in Sarakhs.
Material and Methods
In order to investigate the effect of irrigation levels and planting dates on the growth characteristics and yield of isabgol (Plantago Ovata L.) as a medicinal plant, a field experiment was performed in Research station, Sarakhs, Khorasan Razavi province during growth season 2015-16. This experiment was performed as strip plots based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. Irrigation treatments at four levels of 40, 60, 80, and 100% of the water requirements were placed in horizontal plots and four planting dates were on March 5, 2016, March 20, 2016, April 3, 2016 and April 18, 2016 in vertical plots. Irrigation was applied as furrow system at every 7 days. Irrigation treatments were applied at the time of complete establishment of seedlings in 3-4 leaf stage and continued until physiological maturity stage. The amount of irrigation water in each irrigation turn was calculated by AGWAT software. Measured traits included leaf area index, crop growth rate, dry matter accumulation, plant height, number of spikes per plant, number of seeds per plant, 1000-seed weight, grain yield, biological yield and harvest index.
Results and Discussion
The results of growth indicators showed that the maximum leaf area index (3.4 and 3.3), the crop growth rate (22.12 and 22.18 g m^-2 d^-1) and the accumulation of dry matter (444.9 and 445.4 g m^-2) were obtained in the treatments of 100% and 80% of the water requirements, respectively. Also, the maximum leaf area index and crop growth rate were observed in the treatments of April 18 and April 3 (1.86 and 2). The treatments of March 20 and 5 also had the highest crop growth rate (14 and14 g m^-2 d^-1) and dry matter accumulation (270 and 261.3 g m^-2). The results also showed that the interaction effects on plant height, number of seeds per plant, 1000-seed weight, grain yield, biological yield, and harvest index were significant at the 1% level of probability. Maximum plant height (24.57 cm) was obtained in the 100% of the water requirement and planting date of March 20 treatment. The highest number of seeds per plant (1210.36), grain yield (1891.4 kg), biological yield (5607.8 kg), number of spikes per plant (29.67) and 1000-seed weight (2.05 g) were obtained in the treatments of 80% of water requirement and planting date on March 20.The highest harvest index (36.4%) belonged to the treatment of 100% of water requirement and planting date on March 5.
Conclusions
In general, it can be concluded that different characteristics of isabgol plant were affected by planting date and irrigation water amount so that with a delay in planting date and also reducing the amount of irrigation water, growth and yield characteristics were significantly reduced. As a result, deficit irrigation at 80% of the crop water requirement and planting date of March 20 were more effective in saving irrigation water along with a good yield of the isabgol plant compared to 100% of the crop water requirement treatment in the study area.

Keywords

• Biological yield
• Crop growth rate
• Harvest index
• Number of spikes per plant
• Water requirement

20.1001.1.20081472.1400.19.3.2.8

Main Subjects

• Environmental stresses

---

References

1. Akbari, S., Kafi, M., and Rezvan Beidokhti, S. 2017. Effect of drought stress on growth and morphological characteristics of two garlic (Allium sativum) ecotypes in different planting densities. Journal of Agroecology 9 (2): 559-574. (in Persian with English abstract).
2. Alizadeh, A., and Kamali, Gh. 2007. Water needs of plants in Iran. Astan Quds Razavi Publications. Mashhad. (in Persian with English abstract).
3. Asghari Porchaman, M. 2003. Effects of sowing date and amount of seeds per unit area on morphological characteristics and quality of isabgol medicinal plant. MSc. Thesis, Faculty of Agriculture. Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. (in Persian with English abstract).
4. Asgharipour, M. R., and Rafie, M. 2010. Intercropping of isabgol (Plantago ovata) and lentil as influenced by drought stress. American-Eurasian Journal of Sustainable Agriculture 4: 341-348.
5. Azizi, F., and Mahrokh, A. 2012. Plant density effect in different planting dates on growth indices, yield and yield components of sweet corn cultivar KSC403SU. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research 10 (4): 789-795. (in Persian with English abstract).
6. Bannayan, M., Nadjafi, F., Azizi, M., Tabrizi, L., and Rastgoo, M. 2008. Yield and seed quality of Plantago ovata and Nigella sativa under different irrigation treatments. Indian Journal of Crops Production 27: 11-16.
7. Basak, B. 2017. Yield and quality of isabgol (Plantago ovata Forsk) as influenced by micronutrient application in soil. Proceedings of the national academy of sciences, India Section B: Biological Sciences 87: 671-678.
8. Behzadi, M., Vakili Sharbabak, M. A., and Kadoori, M. R. 2015. Investigation of the most suitable planting date of Hibiscus sabdariffa sour tea for use in urban green space of Kerman. The First National Conference on Agriculture and Sustainable Natural Resources. (in Persian with English abstract).
9. Bindi, M., and Olesen, J. 2011. The responses of agriculture in Europe to climate change. Regional Environmental Change Journal 11: 151-158.
10. Canavar, O., and Kaynak, M. A. 2008. Effect of different planting dates on yield and yield components of peanut (Arachis hypogaea). Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry 32: 521-528.
11. Chandra, R., Kumar, D., Jha, B. K., Gajbhiye, N. A., and Aishwath, O. P. 2006. Influence of sowing time on growth and yield of Plantago ovata under middle Gujarat conditions. Indian Journal of Horticulture 63 (4): 424-427.
12. Desai, S. H., Pushpa, T. N., Srikantaprasad, D., Kantharaju, V., Biradar, I. B., Shalini, R. M., and Asha, M. R. 2018. Effect of dates of planting on growth, yield and quality of Menthol mint (Mentha arvensis) cultivars planted during rabi season. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 7 (9): 625-633.
13. English, M. J., and James, L. 1990. Deficit irrigation. ІІ: observation in Colombia basin. ASCE, Journal of Irrigation and Drain Engineering 116: 413-426.
14. Fereres, E., Orgaz, F., and Villalobos, F. L. 1998. Crop productivity in water-limited environments. Proceedings of the Fif^th ESA Congress, Nitra, the Slovak Republic.
15. Galavi, M., Ramroodi, M., and Mansori, S. 2008. Investigation of the effect of planting date on yield, yield components and quality of Plantago ovata in Sistan region. Research and Construction 20 (4): 135-140. (in Persian with English abstract).
16. Ganpat S., Ishwar, S., and Bhati, D. S. 1992. Response of blond psyllium (Plantago ovata) to irrigation and split application of nitrogen. Indian Journal of Agronomy 37: 880-881.
17. Goksoy, A. T., Demir, A. O., Turan, Z. M., and Dagustu, N. 2004. Responses of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) to full and limited irrigation at different growth stages. Field Crops Research 87: 167-178.
18. Heldwein, A., Loose, L., Lucas, D., Hinnah, F., Bortoluzzi, M., and Maldaner, I. 2014. Yield and growth characteristics of sunflower sown from August to February in Santa Maria, RS. Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental 18 (9): 908-913.
19. Karimzadeh, G., and Omidbaigi, R. 2004. Growth and seed characteristics of isabgol (Plantago ovata Forsk) as influenced by some environmental factors. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology 6: 103-110.
20. Koocheki, A. 1997. Agriculture and Breeding in Dryland Agriculture. Mashhad University Jahad Publications, Mashhad. (in Persian with English abstract).
21. Koocheki, A., and Sarmadneya, Gh. H. 2014. Plant Physiology. Mashhad University Jahad Publications, Mashhad. (in Persian with English abstract).
22. Koocheki, A., Mokhtari, V., Taherabadi, Sh., and Kalantari, S. 2011. The effect of water stress on yield, yield components and quality characteristics of Plantago Ovata and Plantago Psyillium. Journal of Water and Soil 25 (3): 565-664. (in Persian with English abstract).
23. Lotfi, A., Abbasali Vahabi, S., Ghanbari, A., and Haeidari, M. 2009. The effect of deficit irrigation and manure on quantity and quality traits of plantago ovata in Sistan region. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants 24 (4): 506-518. (in Persian with English abstract).
24. Maleki, A. 1999. Effect of irrigation intervals and nitrogen division on yield and yield components of spring rapeseed (Brassica napus). MSc. Thesis, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad (in Persian with English abstract).
25. Moosavi, Gh. R., Sadegzadeh Hemayati, S., Seghatoleslami, M. J., and Ansarinia, E. 2012. Effect of planting date and plant density on morphological traits, yield and water use efficiency of Plantago ovate. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 6 (10): 1873-1878.
26. H., A. Ghanbari, A. R., Sirousmehr, A. R., and Asgharipour, M. R. 2015. Effect of sowing time on seed yield, advantage and competitive indices in ajwain (Carum copticum L.) and isabgol (Plantago ovate Forsk.) intercropping. Iranian Journal of Crop Sciences 17 (2): 139-152. (in Persian with English abstract).
27. Mosavi, S. G. R., Segatoleslami, M. J., and Pooyan, M. 2012. Effect of planting date and plant density on yield and seed yield components of Plantago ovata Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants 27 (4): 681-699. (in Persian with English abstract).
28. Mousapour, H., Ghanbari, A., and Asghari pour, M. R. 2017. Effect of sowing date on yield, yield components, secondary metabolites content and weed control in ajwain and isabgol intercropping. Journal of Crop Improvement 18 (4): 835-850. (in Persian with English abstract).
29. Naderi, D., and Mahmoudi, E. 2017. Assessment of some chemical and qualitative characteristics of Marigold as influenced by different culture media. Journal of Crop Improvement 18 (4): 861-870. (in Persian with English abstract).
30. Najafi, F. 2001. The effect of irrigation intervals and plant density on the quantity and quality of Isabgol (Plantago ovata). MSc. Thesis, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. (in Persian with English abstract).
31. Ogle, S. M., Olander, L., Wollenberg, L., Rosenstock, T., Tubiello, F., Paustian, K., Buendia, L., Nihart, A., and Smith, P. 2014. Reducing greenhouse gas emissions and adapting agricultural management for climate change in developing countries: providing the basis for action. Global Change Biology 20: 1-6.
32. Pouryousef, M., Mazaheri, D., Chaiechi, M. R, Rahimi, A., and Tavakoli, A. 2010. Effect of different soil fertilizing treatments on some of agro morphological traits and mucilage of Isabgol (Plantago ovata Forsk). Electronic Journal of Crop Production 3 (2): 139-213. (in Persian with English abstract).
33. Pouryousef, M., Mazaheri, D., Yousefi, A. R., Rahimi, A., and Tavakoli, A. 2014. Evaluation of grain qualitative traits of Isabgol (Plantago ovata) under limited irrigation regimes and different fertilizing treatments. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants 30 (3): 414-424. (in Persian with English abstract).
34. Rahimi, A., Jahansoz, M. R., Rahimian Mashhadiz, H. R., Pouryosef, M., and Roosta, H. R. 2010. Effect of drought and plant density on yield and phonological stages of Isabgol and French psyllium with using growth degree days. Electronic Journal of Crop Production 2 (1): 51-74. (in Persian with English abstract).
35. Rahimi, A., Sayadi, F., and Dashti, H. 2013. Effects of water and nitrogen supply on growth, water-use efficiency and mucilage yield of isabgol (Plantago ovata Forsk). Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition 13 (2): 341-354.
36. Ramroodi, M., Kaeikhzhaleh, M., Galavi, M., Saghatoleslami, M. J., and Baradarn, R. 2011. The effect of foliar application of micronutrients and irrigation regimes on the quantitative and qualitative yield of isabgol medicinal plant (Plantago ovata forsk). Journal of Agroecology 3 (2): 219-226. (in Persian with English abstract).
37. Rasam, Gh., Gholami, M. R., Asadi, Gh., and Dadkhah, A. 2007. Extinction of plant species, a serious threat to biodiversity in the ecosystem of natural systems (Case study, medicinal flora of Shirvan region). The Second National Conference on Ecological Agriculture of Iran, October 16-16, Gorgan. (in Persian with English abstract).
38. Rodriguez, L. 2006. Drought and drought stress on south texas Landscape plants. san. Antonio Express.
39. Roumani, A., Biabani, A., Rahemi Karizaki, A., Gholamalipour Alamdari, E., and Gholizadeh, A. 2020. Effects of salicylic acid and spermine exogenous application on functional and physiological characteristics of isabgol (Plantago ovata) under cutoff irrigation. Journal of Plant Ecophysiology 12 (41): 53-67. (in Persian with English abstract).
40. Sanobar, A., Dehghani, F., and Tabatabai, S. A. 2011. The effect of irrigation cycle on yield, water use efficiency and some quality characteristics of bread wheat cultivars. Journal of Water Research in Agriculture 24 (1): 31-40.
41. Seghatoleslami, M. J., Mosavi, S. G., and Barzegaran, T. 2013. Effect of irrigation levels and planting date on yield and water use efficiency of Hibiscus sabdariffa Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants 29 (1): 144-156. (in Persian with English abstract).
42. Silva, H., Arriagada, C., Campos-Saez, S., Baginsky, C., Castellaro-Galdames, G., and Morales-Salinas, L. 2018. Effect of sowing date and water availability on growth of plants of chia (Salvia hispanica L) established in Chile. PLOS ONE 13 (9): 1-20.
43. Tabrizi, L. 2004. Effect of moisture stress and animal fertilizer on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of Plantago ovata and Plantago psyllium. MSc. Thesis, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. (in Persian with English abstract).
44. Tavakkoli, A. R. 2013. Effects of sowing date and limited irrigation on yield and yield components of five rainfed wheat varieties in Maragheh region. Journal of Crop Production and Processing 2 (6): 87-97 (in Persian with English abstract).
45. Thakur, A., Upadhyaya, S. D., Upadhyay, A., and Nayak, P. S. 2012. Responses of moisture stress on growth, yield and quality of isabgol (Plantago ovata Forsk). Journal of Agricultural Technology 8 (2): 563-570.
46. Weryszko-Chmielewska, E., Matysik-Woźniak, A., Sulborska, A., and Rejdak, R. 2012. Commercially important properties of plants of the genus Plantago. Acta Agrobotanica 65 (1): 11-20.
47. Yazdan Panah, M. R. 2015. The effect of different levels of irrigation water, planting date and fertilizer management on yield and yield components of sour tea in Minab conditions. PhD Thesis, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. (in Persian with English abstract).