Effect of Symbiosis of Arbuscular Mycorhiza and Like-endo Mycorhiza on Yield and Uptake of MacroandMicro Elements in Chickpea Genotypes (Cicer arietinum L.)

Document Type : Research Article

Authors

• M. J Arshadi
• M Parsa
• A Lakzian
• M Kafi

Ferdowsi University of Mashhad

10.22067/gsc.v15i3.45182

Abstract

Introduction
Improving of nutrients absorption by biological approaches, in addition to emphasis on sustainable agriculture, will increase or stabilize crop yield. It seems that microorganisms such as mycorrhiza and rhizobium can improve the nutrients absorption in crops such as chickpea. Rhizobiums are effective to provide biological nitrogen for crops and mycorrhizal fungi are involved to supply biological phosphorus to the plants. Among them, the endo myccorihza (or Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhiza) that is abbreviated VAM, in creation of symbiosis with the roots of crops such as legumes have been more successful. Of course, the mycorrhizal fungi and rhizobium bacteria before creating symbiosis with host plant, directly affect in the overlay in rhizosphere environment of host plant. Creating colonies in the roots by mycorrhizal fungi leads to conducive for forming nodulation of rhizobium. In other words, mycorrhiza fungi creats favorable conditions for the production of rhizobium nodules on the roots and also they affect on greater availability of phosphorus for nitrogenase enzymes involved in rhizobium bacteria. In contrast, rhizobiums affect in better absorption of nitrogen and followed by the synthesis of amino acids and amino acid availability for required mycorrhiza. It seems that this symbiotic relationship between plants, mycorrhizal and rhizobium can be either normal or adverse environmental conditions, which is effective in promoting the product of crop. However, the Triplet symbiosis of chickpea, mycorrhiza and rhizobium and also chickpea genotypes response to this symbiosis should be examined.
Materials and Methods
This study was conducted to investigate the inoculation of kabuli seeds of chickpea genotypes with arbuscular mycorrhiza and like - endomycorhiza, in 2014, in split plot by arrangement of two factors with a randomized complete block design and three replications in Research Field, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. Main plots were consisted of three levels of mycorhiza (arbuscular mycorhiza of Glomus mosseae, like - endo mycorhiza of Piriformospora indica and non - used mycorhiza) and sub plots were consisted of nine genotypes of chickpea: MCC 80, MCC 358, MCC 361, MCC 392, MCC 427, MCC 537, MCC 693, MCC 696 and MCC 950. (These genotypes had good yield potentials and selection and presented in the studies on germplasm from the Institute of Plant Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad seed bank). All seeds of genotypes were infected to the symbiotic rhizobium bacteria of chickpea. In the mid - flowering the content elements of nitrogen, phosphor, potassium and micro elements of iron, zinc, copper and manganese were determined by kjeldahl, spectrophotometer, flame photometer and the atomic absorption, respectively.
Results and Discussion
The results indicated that mycorrhiza significantly increased seed yield. But using of like - endomycorhiza was not effective to increase seed yield. In other words, superiority of like - endomycorhiza was not significant. Among the genotypes in this study, the highest seed yield was dedicated to genotype of MCC 537. Arbuscular mycorhiza significantly improved the uptake of N, P, K, Fe and Mn, but it did not imposed any significant effect on uptake of Cu and Zn. Genotypes of MCC 537, MCC 427, MCC 80 and MCC 392 significantly were excelled in uptake of macro elements, but there is not significant difference to uptake of micro elements. In the study was observed the interactions effects between mycorrhizal and chickpea genotypes that the highest seed yield belonged to the factor of arbuscular mycorrhiza – MCC 537 genotype. Also the most uptaked nitrogen and protein of plant tissues belonged to the factor of arbuscular mycorrhiza – MCC 537 genotype. But other interactions effects were not significant. In addition, in traits of uptaked nitrogen and protein of plant tissues in factor of arbuscular mycorrhiza – MCC 427 genotype was in a same statistical class with factor of arbuscular mycorrhiza – MCC 537 genotype.
Conclusions
Application of mycorrhiza along with rhizobium could improve the uptake of macro and micro elements in chickpea genotypes. But, application of like - endomycorrhiza had not significant effect on the absorption of nutrients in chickpea. In a general conclusion, among the studied genotypes, MCC 537 and MCC 427 were better than the others.

Keywords

• Biological fertilizer
• Nutrition elements and Pulses

20.1001.1.20081472.1396.15.3.4.2

---

References

1. Abrishamchi, P., Ganjeali, A., and Sakeni, H. 2012. Evaluation of morphological triats, proline content and antioxidant enzymes activity in chickpea genotype (Cicer arietinum L.) under drought stress. Iranian Journal of Pulses Research 3 (2): 17-30. (in Persian with English abstract).

2. Ahmadi, A., Ehsanzadeh, P., and Jabari, F. 2004. Introduction to Plant Physiology. Vol. 1. Publications of Tehran University. (in Persian).

3. AsadiRahmani, H., Asgharzadeh, A., Khavazi, K., Rejali, F., and Savaghebi, G. R. 2007. Siol Biological Fertility. Publication of Jahad Daneshgahi. 311 pp. (in Persian).

4. Bremner, J. M., and Mulvaney, C. S. 1982. Nitrogen-Total, PP: 591–622, In: A.L. Page ed, Methods of soil analysis, part 2, American Society of Agronomy, Madison, Wisconsin.

5. Diouf, D., Diop, T. A., and Ndoye, I. 2003. Actinorhizal, mycorhizal and rhizobial symbioses: how much do we know? African Journal of Biotechnology 2 (1): 1-7.

6. Dobermann, D. I., and Cassman, K. G. 2004. Plant nutrient management for enhanced productivity in intensive grain production of United States and Asia. Plant and Soil 247: 153-175.

7. El-Ghandour, I. A., and Galal, Y. G. 2002. Nitrogen fixation and seed yield of chickpea cultivars as affected by microbial inoculation, crop residue and inorganic N fertilizer. Egyptian Journal of Microbiology 37: 233-246.

8. Ganjeali, A., and Bagheri, A. R. 2010. Evaluation of root morphological characteristics of chickpea (cicer arietinum L.) in response to drought stress. Iranian Journal of Pulses Research 1 (2): 101-110. (in Persian with Enlish abstract).

9. Ganjeali, A., Joveynipour, S., Porsa, H., and Bagheri, A. R. 2011b. Sellection for drought tolerance in kabuli chickpea genotype (Cicer arietinum L.) in Neyshabour region. Iranian Journal of Pulses Research 2 (1): 27-38. (in Persian with Enlish abstract).

10. Ganjeali, A., Porsa, H., and Bagheri, A. R. 2011a. Response of yield and morpho physiological characteristics of earliness chickpea genotype (Cicer arietinum L.) under drought stress. Iranian Journal of Pulses Research 2 (1): 65-80. (in Persian with English abstract).

11. Harrach, B. D. 2009. Abiotic and biotic stress effects on barley and tobacco plants. Plant Protection Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences in Budapest.

12. IBPGR. ICRISAT and ICARDA. 1993. Description for chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Printed by ICRISAT.

13. Izadi Darbandi, A., and Akram, L. 2012. Investigate the effect of Pyridate, bentazon and Imazethapyr herbicide on growth, nodulation and biological nitrogen fix ationin chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Iranian Journal of Pulses Research 3 (1): 94-105. (in Persian with English abstract).

14. JaliliHonarmand, S., Azari, N., Cheghamirza, K., and Mansoorifar, S. 2014. Changes of Seedling Growth and Ion Uptake of Chickpea Genotypes under Salt Stress Condition. Journal of Applied Environmental and Biological Sciences 4 (3): 266-272.

15. Joner, E. J., and Johansen, A. 2000. Phosphatas activity of external hyphae of two arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Mycological Research 104: 81-86.

16. Kamaei, R. 2014. Effects of plant species and biological, chemical fertilizers and manure on mycorrhiza infectivness under greenhouse conditions. M.Sc. thesis of Faculty of Agriculture. Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. (in Persian with English abstract).

17. Kari Dolatabadi, H., and MohamadiGoltapeh, E. 2010. In vivo biological activity of Piriformosporaindica, Sebacinavermifera and Trichoderma spp. against Fusarium wilt of lentil. Plant Protection Journal 2 (2): 127-143. (in Persian with English abstract).

18. Khosrojerdi, M., Shahsavani, Sh., Gholipor, M., and Asghari, H. R. 2013. Effect of rhizobium and mycorrhizal fungi inoculation on some nutrient uptake by chickpea at different levels of iron sulfate fertilizer. Iranian Journal of Crop Production 6 (2): 71-87. (in Persian with English abstract).

19. Koocheki, A., Zand, E., Banayan, M., RezvaniMoghadam, P., MahdaviDamghani, A., Jami Alahmadi, M., and Vesal, S. 2005. Plant Eco-physiology. Vol. 2. Publications of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. (in Persian).

20. Kumar, V., Sahai, V., and Bisaria, V. S. 2011. High-density spore production of Piriformosporaindica, a plant growth-promoting endophyte, by optimization of nutritional and cultural parameters. Bio resource Technology 102: 3169-3175.

21. Lemaire, G., and Gastal, F. 1997. N uptake and distribution in plant canopies. In: Lemaire G, ed. Diagnosis on the nitrogen status in crops. Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, 3-43.

22. Lemaire, G., and Gastal, F. 2009. Quantifying crop response to nitrogen deficiency and avenues to improve nitrogen use efficiency. In: Sadras, V., Calderini, D. (Eds.), Crop Physiology. Elsevier Inc. pp: 171-211.

23. Mansoorifar, S., Shaban, M., Ghobadi, M., and Sabaghpoor, S. H. 2012. Physiological characteristics of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) cultivars under drought stress and nitrogen fertilizer as starter. Iranian Journal of Pulses Research 3 (1): 101-110. (in Persian with English abstract).

24. Mozafar, A., Jansa, J., Ruh, R., Anken, T., Sanders, I., and Frossard, E. 2001. Functional diversity of AMF co-existing in agricultural soil subjected to different tillage. Proceeding of the Third International Conference of mycorrhizas. July 8-13, Adelaide, South Australia.

25. Namvar, P. 2014. Evaluation of effects of Piriformosporaindica on nitrogen and phosphorus uptake in corn. M.Sc. thesis of Faculty of Agriculture. Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. (in Persian with English abstract).

26. Nazami, A., Pouramir, F., Momeni, S., Porsa, H., Ganjeali, A., and Bagheri, A. 2012. Evaluation of asubset of chickpea germplasm collection of the Ferdowsi University of Mashhad Seed Bank. Kabuli type chickpea. Iranian Journal of Pulses Research 3 (1): 17-30. (in Persian with English abstract).

27. Olsen, S. R., and Sommers, L. E. 1982. Phosphorus, PP: 403-430, In: Page A.L. ed. Methods of soil analysis, part 2, Chemical and Microbiological properties, Soil Science Society of American Journal, Madison.

28. Singh, D. N., Massod Ali, R. I., and Basu, P. S. 2000. Genetic variation in dry matter partitioning in shoot and root influences of chickpea to drought. 3rd International Crop Science Congress 2000. Hamburg Germany.

29. Singh, U. 2005. Integrated nitrogen fertilization for intensive and sustainable agriculture. Journal of Crop Improvement 15: 259-287.

30. Solaiman, A. R. M., Rabbani, M. G., and Moll, M. N. 2005. Effects of inoculation of Rhizobium and arbuscular mycorrhiza, poultry litter, nitrogen, and phosphorus on growth and yield in chickpea. Korean Journal of Crop Science 50: 256-261.

31. Talebi, R., Ensafi, M. H., Baghebani, N., and Karami, E. 2013. Physiological responses of chickpea (Cicer arietinum) genotypes to drought stress. Environmental and Experimental Biology 11: 9-15.

32. Verma, S., Varma, A., Rexer, K., Kost, G., Sarbhoy, A., Bisen, P., Butehorn, B., and Franken, P. 1998. Piriformosporaindica, gen: A new root-colonizing fungus. Mycologia 95: 896-903.

33. Zaidi, A., Khan, M. S., and Amil, M. 2003. Interactive effects of rhizotrophic microorganisms on yield and nutrient uptake of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). European Journal of Agronomy 19: 15-21.