Allelopathic Effect of Wheat and Barley Residues on Yield and Yield Components of Cowpea (Vigna sinensis L.) and Weeds Control

Document Type : Research Article

Authors

Shahrood University of Technology

Abstract

Introduction
Weeds are a major constraint limiting crop yield in agricultural systems and in organic systems in particular. Although herbicides are efficient for weed control, continuous use has caused the development of resistance in weeds against several herbicides. Furthermore, herbicides also pollute the soil, water and aerial environments and herbicide residues in food have deteriorated food quality and enhanced the risk of diseases. Allelopathy is defined as the direct or indirect harmful or beneficial effects of one plant on another through the release of chemical compounds into the environment. Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is known to be allelopathic against crops and weeds. The objective of this study was to investigate the allelopathic effect of wheat and barley residues on weeds control and cowpea yield.
Materials and Methods
An experiment was conducted as randomized complete block design with three replications at the research field (36° 25’E, 54° 58’N, 1349 m a.s.l.) of Agricultural Faculty, Shahrood University of Technology in 2015. Treatments were included; weeding all season, no weeding, trifluralin according to the recommended dose (2 ton ha-1), foliar application of wheat straw extract (concentration of 50%), foliar application of wheat straw extract (concentration of 100%), the application of wheat residue mixed with the soil at a rate of 2 ton ha-1, the application of wheat residue mixed with the soil at a rate of 4 ton ha-1, the application of wheat residue mixed with the soil at a rate of 8 ton ha-1, foliar application of barley straw extract (concentration of 50%), foliar application of barley straw extract (concentration of 100%). Statistical analysis of data was performed with MSTAT-C software and means were compared with LSD test at the 5% level of probability.
Results and Discussion
The results showed that the effect of treatments was significant (P 0.01) on weed density and dry weight. Soil incorporation with wheat residue at a rate of 4 and 8 ton ha-1 significantly decreased weed density than non-weeding treatment. Seed number per pod, biological and grain yield of cowpea significantly increased in the soil incorporation with wheat residue at a rate of 8 ton ha-1 compared to control. Our results showed that weeding and soil incorporation with wheat residue at a rate of 8 ton ha-1 increased cowpea yield by 78.23 and 80.79% compared to no weeding treatment, respectively. Wheat is a potent source of bioactive phytotoxic compounds representing three main classes as phenolic (hydroxybenzoic, vanillic, pcoumaric, syringic and ferulic acids being most frequently reported and transferulic and trans-pcoumaric acids being the dominant acids), cyclic hydroxamic acids (a class of alkaloids) and short chain fatty acids. It is reported that wheat extract compounds can interfere with basic processes of receiver plants as photosynthesis, cell division, respiration and protein synthesis and indirectly provoke other forms of stresses. Thus, these compounds can reduce weed germination and growth. Another important effect of these allelochemicals is the activation of cellular antioxidant system in response to uncontrolled production and accumulation of reactive oxygen species. The reason for increase in grain yield was the control of weeds and probably the allelopathic effects of crop water extracts promoted the wheat growth which ultimately increases grain yield.

Conclusions
The present study concluded that wheat phytotoxins in straw inhibited germination and seedling growth of weeds, and the inhibition was concentration-dependent. Also wheat straw added to soil increased yield and some traits of cowpea. In general, the results showed that wheat straw can reduce weed suppression and can improve characteristics of plant, moreover, decreased environment risks of chemical inputs and ensure sustainability of production in long time.

Keywords


1. Alsaadawi, I. S. 2001. Allelopathic influence of decomposing wheat residues in agro-ecosystem. Journal of Crop Production 4 (2): 185-196.
2. Ashrafi, Z. Y., Sadeghi, S., Rahimian Mashhadim, H., and Hassan Alizade, M. 2008. Study of allelopathical effects of barley on inhibition of germination and growth of seedling green foxtail. An Open Access Journal published by International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics 6: 1-6.
3. Badaruddin, M., Matthew, P., and Osman, A. 1999. Wheat management in warm environments. Agronomy Journal 93: 975-983.
4. Bastawesy, F. I., El-Bially, M. E., Gaweeesh, S. S. M., and El-Din, M. S. 1991. Effect of selected herbicides on growth and yield components of rape seed (B. napus L.) plants and associated weeds. Egypte Journal Agronomy 13: 1-8.
5. Bagheri, A., Zand, A., and Parsa, M. 1997. Beans, The Bottlenecks and Strategies. Publication of Universiti of Mashhad. P 94. (in Persian).
6. Bilalis, D., Sidiras, N., and EconomouVakali, C. 2003. Effect of different levels of wheat straw soil surface coverage on weed flora in Vicia faba crops. Journal of Agronomy Crop Science189: 233-241.
7. Chen, S. Y., Zhang, X. Y., Pei, D., and Sun, H. Y. 2005. Effects of corn straw mulching on soil temperature and soil evaporation of winter wheat field. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering 21: 171-173.
8. Danga, B., and Wakindiki, I. 2009. Effect of placement of straw mulch on soil conservation, nutrient accumulation, and wheat yield in a humid Kenyan highland. Journal of Tropical Agriculture 47: 30-36.
9. Ebrahimi, F., Majnoun Hossieni, N., and Hossirni, M. B. 2012. The effect of extracts of medicinal plants on weed control (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) and (Chenopodium album L.) in beans. Iranian Journal of Field Crop Science 4: 757-765. (in Persian).
10. Fisk, J. W., Hesterman, O. B., Sheresta, A., Kells, J. J., Harwood, R. R., Squire, J. M., and Sheeaffer, C. C. 2002. Weed suppression by annual legume cover crops in no tillage corn. Agron. Journal 93: 319-325.
11. Fischer, R. A., Santiveri, F., and Vidal, I. R. 2002. Crop rotation, tillage and crop residue management for wheat and maize in the sub-humid tropical highlands. Field Crops Research 79: 107-122.
12. Foroughifar, H., and Pour Kasmani, M. E. 2002. Soil Science and Management. (Translated) Ferdowsi University of Mashhad Press, Iran. 336 pp. (in Persian).
13. Ghanbari, A., and Taheri Mazandarani, M. 2003. Investigation of planting pattern and weed control on yield and yield components of red bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Seed and Plant Improvement Journal 19 (1): 37-47. (in Persian with English abstract).
14. Hansen, W. R., and Shibles, R. M. 1987. Seasonal log of flowering and podding activity of yield grown soybean. Agronomy Journal 70: 47-50.
15. Inderjit Keating, K. I. 1999. Allelopathy: Allelopathy principles. Procedures, processes, and promises for biological control. Advances in Agronomy 7: 141-231.
16. Jafarzade, N. 2004. Allelopathic potential of barley residue (Hordeum vulgare L.) on weed control and chickpea growth (Cicer arietinum L.). In: Proceedings of the first National congress of pulse crops in Iran. Pp.542.
17. Khan, R. U., and Mumtaz, N. A. 1995. Performance of Treflan, a pre-plant applied herbicide in rapeseed and mustard. Sarhad Journal. Agriculture 11 (5) 647-655.
18. Koocheki, A., and Banayan Aval, M. 1994. Pulse Crops. Javidan Publishers, Mashhad, Iran. pp. 238.
19. Lam, Y., Sze, C., Tong, Y., Ng, T., Tang, S., Ho, J., Xiang, Q., Lin, X., and Zhang, Y. 2012. Research on the allelopathic potential of wheat. Agricultural Sciences 3: 979-985.
20. Lemerle, D., Verbeek, B., and Orchard, B. 2001. Ranking the ability of wheat varieties to compete with Lolium rigidum Gaudin. Weed Research 41: 197-209.
21. Limon-Ortega, A., Sayer, K. D., Drijber, R. A., and Francis, C. A. 2002. Soil attributes in a furrow- irrigated bed planting system in north-west Mexico. Soil and Tillage Research 63: 123-132.
22. Lydon, J., Teasdale, J. R., and Chen, P. K. 1997. Allelopathic activity of annual worm wood (Artemisia annua L.) and the role of artemisinin. Weed Science 45: 807-811.
23. Ma, Y. 2005. Allelopathic studies of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Weed Biology and Management 5: 93-104.
24. Makarian, H. 2002. Planting date and population density influence on competitiveness of corn (Zea mayz L.) with redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.). MSc Thesis, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. (in Persian with English abstract).
25. Malik, V. S., Swanton, C. J., and Michaels, T. E. 1993. Interference of white bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivars, row spacing and seeding density with annual weeds. Weed Science 41: 62-68.
26. Majnoon Hosseini, N. 1993. Legumes in Iran. Tehran University Press. 240 pp.
27. Majnoun Hosseini, N. 2008. Grain legume profuction. University of Tehran. Jihad Publishing Unit. Pp. 294.
28. Mirshekari, M. 2008. The effect of Weed interference when red root pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) on the performance of cowpea (Vigna sinensis L.). Journal of Modern Agriculture 4 (11): 71-81. (in Persian).
29. Musavi, M. 2008. Weed Controls (Principles and Methods). Marze Danesh Publishers. Pp. 491.
30. Najafinezhad, H., Javaheri, M. A., Ravari, S. Z., and Azad Shahraki, F. 2009. Effect of crop rotation and wheat residue management on grain yield of maize cv. KSC704 and some soil properties. Journal of Production Seed and Plant 25-2 (3): 245-258. (in Persian).
31. Narwal, S. S., Sarmah, M. K., and Tamak, J. C. 1998. Allelopathic strategies for wheat management in rice wheat rotation in northwestern India. In: Olofsdotter, M., Ed., Allelopathy in Rice. Proceedings of the Workshop on Allelopathy in Rice, 117-131.
32. Negahdari, M., Hossieni Monfared, R., Miri, H. R., and Safarpoor Shorbakhlo, M. 2013. Allelopathic effect of different types of wheat germination and growth parameters of Secal montanum. First National Conference on Healthy Environment for Sustainable Agricultural Development.
33. Neustruyeva, S. N., and Dobrestsova, T. N. 1972. Influence of some summer crops on white gooseloot. In “Physiological Biochemical Basis of Plant Intractions in phytocenoses” (A. M. Grodzinsky, ed.), Vol. 3: 68-73. Naukova, Kley. (in Russian).
34. Nooden, L. D., and Thimann, K. V. 1963. Evidence for a requirement for protein synthesis for auxin-induced cell enlargement. Proc. National. Academic. Science. United. States. 50: 194-200.
35. Parsa, M., and Bagheri, A. R. 2009. Pulses. Jahad Mashhad University Press. (in Persian).
36. Raeis al Sadat, A. R. 2007. Wheat residue effects on corn yield. Journal of Keshavarz. 322 (27): 72-73. (in Persian).
37. Ramezan Zadeh Hojabr, F., and Razmjoo, K. 2014. Effect of pre- and post-emergence herbicides and their combination on weed control and yield of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.). Agronomy Journal (Pajouhesh and Sazandegi) 103: 38-47.
38. Rezvani Moghaddam, P., Koocheki, A., Molafilabi, A., and Seyyedi, M. 2013. The effects of different levels of applied wheat straw in different dates on saffron (Crocus sativus L.) daughter corms and flower initiation criteria in the second year. Saffron Agronomy and Technology 1: 55 -70.
39. Regosa, M., and Pedrol, N. 2002. Allelopathy from molecules to ecosystems. Science publishers gnc. NH. United States America. P 12-195.
40. Regosa, F. M. 2007. Pesticide use trends in the US: Global comparison. Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville.
41. Sayer, K. D., Mezzalama, M., and Martinez, M. 2001. Tillage, crop rotation and crop residue management effects on maize and wheat production for rain-fed conditions in Altiplane of central Mexico. World Congress on Conservation Agriculture, 1. 1-5 Oct 2001. Madrid (Spain).
42. Singh Sidhu, A., Sekhon, N. K., Thind, S. S., and Hira, G. S. 2007. Soil temperature, growth and yield of maize (Zea mays L.) as affected by wheat straw mulch. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science 53: 95-102.
43. Talbert, R. E. 1965. Effects of trifluralin on soybean root development. Proc. 18th Southern Weed Control Conference. p. 652.
44. Teasdal, J. R., and Mohler, C. L. 2000. The quantitative relationship between weed emergence and the physical proerties of mulches. Weed Science 48: 385-392.
45. Tewari, A. N., Tiwari, S. N., Rathi, J. P. S., Verama, R. N., and Tripathi, A. K. 2001. Crop weed competition studies in chickpea having Asphodelus tenuifolius-dominated weed community under rainfed condition. Indian Journal of Weed Science 33: 198-199.
46. Tho, H., Lan, P. T., Chin, D. V., and Noguchi, H. K. 2008. Allelopathic potential of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) on barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-gali L.). Weed Biology and Management 8: 129-132.
47. Wang, G., Yang, P. R., Zhang, H., and Ye-Zing, L. 2004. Effect of returning straw to field on weeds of rice fields and wheat field and the efficiency of chemical weeding. Acta Agricultural Shanghai 20 (1): 87-90.
48. Wilson, R. G., Smith, J. A., and Yonyhs, C. D. 1990. Effect of seedling depth, herbicide and variety on sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) emergence, vigor and yield. Weed Technology 4: 739-742.
49. Wicks, G. A., Crutchfield, D. A., and Burnicide, O. C. 1994. Influence of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) straw mulch and metolachlor on corn (Zea mays L.) growth and yield. Weed Science 42: 141-147.
50. Winkle, M. E., Leavitt, J. R. C., and Burnside, O. C. 1981. Effects of weed density on herbicide absorption and bioactivity. Weed Science 29: 405-409.
51. Woolley, B. L., Swanton, C. J., Hall, M. R., and Michaels, T. E. 1993. The critical period of weed control in white bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Weed Science 41: 180-184.
52. Wu, H., Prately, J., Lemerle, D., and Hang, T. 2001. Allelopathy in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Annals of Applied Biology 139: 1-9.
53. Yadavi, A., Agha-Alikhani, M., and Modarres Sanavi, A. M. 2004. The critical period of Weed control in beans LORDEGAN. Abstract Crop Science Congress of Iran, Gilan. P. 294. (in Persian).
54. Yousefi, A. R., Mohamad Alizadeh, H., Rahimian, H., and Jahansooz, M. R. 2007. Investigation on single and integrated application of different herbicides on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) yield and its components in entezari sowing date. Journal of Agricultural Science 8: 73-84. (in Persian with English abstract).
55. Zand, E., Baghestani, M. A., Bitarafan, M., and Shimi, P. 2007. A Guideline for Herbicides in Iran. Mashhad Jihade University Publishers. P. 25-43.
56. Zare Hosseini, H., Ghorbani, R., Rashed Mohassel, M. H., and Rahimi, H. 2014. Effects of weed management strategies on weed density and biomass and saffron (Crocus sativus L.) yield. Saffron Agronomy and Technology 1: 45-58. (in Persian with English abstract).
CAPTCHA Image
Volume 15, Issue 4 - Serial Number 48
January 2018
Pages 838-850
  • Receive Date: 23 April 2016
  • Revise Date: 03 January 2017
  • Accept Date: 05 March 2017
  • First Publish Date: 22 December 2017