ارزیابی عملکرد زیست‌توده و شاخص‌های کارایی نیتروژن و فسفر خرفه (Portulaca oleracea L.) تحت تأثیر کودهای آلی، شیمیایی و زیستی

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه اگروتکنولوژی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد

2 گروه کشاورزی، واحد بیرجند، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، بیرجند، ایران

چکیده

به‌منظور بررسی اثر کودهای آلی، زیستی و شیمیایی بر عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد دانه خرفه، آزمایشی در سال‌های زراعی 94-1393 و 95-1394 در مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشگاه بیرجند به‌صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح بلوک‌ کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار انجام شد. تیمارهای آزمایش بر اساس ترکیبی از چهار منبع تأمین‌کننده نیتروژن شامل: کود گاوی، ورمی‌کمپوست، کود شیمیایی (NPK) و شاهد (بدون اعمال هیچ‌گونه کودی) و نیز چهار نوع کود زیستی شامل: نیتروکسین (شامل ازتوباکتر و آزوسپیریلوم)، میکوریزا Glomus intraradices))، بیوسولفور (شامل تیوباسیلوس) و شاهد (بدون هیچ‌گونه کودی) بودند. نتایج دو ساله برهمکنش منابع کودی نیتروژن و کود زیستی نشان داد که در تیمار کود شیمیایی (NPK) مصرف نیتروکسین موجب افزایش عملکرد زیست‌توده (6/45 درصد)، کارایی زراعی نیتروژن زیست‌توده (52 درصد)، فسفر زیست‌توده (2 برابر)، محتوای فسفر زیست‌توده (8/2 برابر) و مصرف بیوسولفور موجب افزایش نیتروژن زیست‌توده (9/52 درصد)، محتوای نیتروژن زیست‌توده (2 برابر)، کارایی جذب نیتروژن (1/2 برابر) نسبت به شاهد (عدم مصرف هیچ کودی) شد. در تیمار کود گاوی مصرف نیتروکسین موجب افزایش کارایی فیزیولوژیک زیست‌توده (8 درصد) و در تیمار عدم مصرف کود آلی و شیمیایی استفاده از نیتروکسین موجب افزایش کارایی جذب فسفر (4/22 درصد) و استفاده از میکوریزا و بیوسولفور (به‌ترتیب 9/29 و 4/21 درصد) موجب افزایش کارایی فیزیولوژیک فسفر زیست‌توده نسبت به شاهد (عدم مصرف هیچ کودی) شد. همچنین مصرف منابع کودی نیتروژن موجب کاهش کارایی زراعی فسفر زیست‌توده نسبت به شاهد شد. بر اساس نتایج این آزمایش، جهت دستیابی به حداکثر عملکرد زیست‌توده و با در نظر گرفتن حداکثر کارایی مصرف فسفر و نیتروژن زیست‌توده استفاده از تیمار کود شیمیایی (NPK) و نیتروکسین در منطقه بیرجند توصیه می‌شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها


Abdelaziz, M., Pokluda, R., and Abdelwahab, M. 2007. Influence of compost, microorganisms and NPK fertilizer upon growth, chemical composition and essential oil production of Rosmarinus officinalis L. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj_Napoca, 35: 86-90.
Agha Baba Dastjerdi, M., Amini Dehaghi, M., ChaichiM. R., and Bosaghzadeh, Z. 2014. Evaluation of Biomass Production and Some Quality Characteristics of Fennel in Different Fertilizing Systems. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research, 13(2): 369-377. https://doi.org/10.22067/gsc.v13i2.31948.
Aghhavani Shajari, M., Rezvani Moghaddam, P., Ghorbani, R., and Nassiri Mahallati, M. 2015. Effects of organic, biological and chemical fertilizers on vegetative indices and essential oil content of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.). Agroecology, 6(3): 425-443. https://doi.org/10.22067/jag.v6i3.43405.
Akbari Nia, A., Ghlavand, A., Tahmasebi Sarvestani, Z., Sharifi Ashourabadi, A. and Banja Shafi'i, Sh. 2004. Effect of Different Nutrition Systems on Soil Properties, Adsorption and Concentration of Elements by Adult Medicinal Plant and Its Performance. Journal of Research and Construction, 62: 11-19. (In Persian with English abstract).
Ameri, A., Nassiri Mahalati, M., and Rezvani Moghadam, P. 2009. Effects of different nitrogen levels and plant density on flower, essential oils and extract production and nitrogen use efficiency of Marigold (Calendula officinalis). Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research, 5(2), 315-326. (In Persian with English abstract). https://doi.org/10.22067/gsc.v5i2.1153.
Asadi, G.A., Momen, A., Nurzadeh Namaghi, M., and Khorramdel, S. 2014. Effects of organic and chemical fertilizer rates on nitrogen efficiency indices of isabgol (Plantago ovata Forsk.). Agroecology, 5(4), 373-382. https://doi.org/10.22067/jag.v5i4.32992.
Aynanlvfr, M., Omidi, H., and Pazky, A. R. 2014. Morphological changes, agricultural and oil content Purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) Effect of water and fertilizer, bio/chemical nitrogen. Herb Quarterly, 12(4): 170-184. (In Persian with English abstract).
Berenguer, P., Santiveri, F., Boixadera, J., and Lloveras, J. 2009. Nitrogen fertilization of irrigated maize under Mediterranean conditions. European Journal of Agronomy, 30: 163-171.
Besharati, H., Atashnama, K., and Hatami, S. 2007. Biosuper as a phosphate fertilizer in a calcareous soil with low available phosphorus. African Journal of Biotechnology, 6: 1325-1329.
Cassman, K. G., Dobermann, A. R., and Walters, D. T. 2002. Agroecosystems, nitrogen-use efficiency, and nitrogen management. Ambio, 31(2): 132-140. Available at: http://digitalcommons. Unl.edu/agronomyfacpub/356
Cheema, M. A., Farhad, W., Saleem, M. F., Khan, H. Z., Vahid, M. A., Rasul, F., and Hammad, H. M. 2010. Nitrogen management strategies for sustainable maize production. Crop and Environment. 1(1): 49-52.
Den Hollander, N. G., Bastiaans, L., and Kropff, M. J. 2007. Clover as a cover crop for weed suppression in an intercropping design. II. Competitive ability of several clover species. European Journal of Agronomy. 26: 104-112.
Esitken, A., Yildiz, H. E., Ercisli, S., Figen Donmez, M., Turan, M., and Gunes, A. 2010. Effects of plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB) on yield, growth and nutrient contents of organically grown strawberry. Scientia Horticulturae, 124: 62–66.
Fitter, A. 2000. Characteristics and Functions of Root Systems. Marcel Dekker, New York.
Gryndler, M., Larsen, J., Hrselova, H., Rezacova, V., Gryndlerova, H., and Kubat, J. 2006. Organic and mineral fertilization, respectively, increase and decrease the development of extemal mycelium of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in a long-term field experiment. Mycorrhiza. 16(3): 159- 166.
Gryndler, M., Larsen, J., Hrselova, H., Rezacova, V., Gryndlerova, H., and Kubat, J. 2006. Organic and mineral fertilization, respectively, increase and decrease the development of extemal mycelium of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in a long-term field experiment. Mycorrhiza. 16(3): 159- 166.
Hajibolandi, R., Barzegar, R., and Asgharzadeh, N. A. 2005. Studying the effect of mycorrhiza on root morphology and rhizosphere's pH in rice with rizobox system. The Proceeding of 9th Iranian Soil Science Congress, Tehran, 28- 31 August.
Inanloofar, M., Omidi, H., and Pazoki, A. R. 2013. Morphological, Agronomical Changes and Oil Content in Purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) under Drought Stress and Biological /Chemical Fertilizer of Nitrogen. Journal of Medicinal Plant, 48: 170-184. (In Persian with English abstract).
Jahan, M., Amiri, M. B., Shabahang, J. Ahmadi, F., and Soleymani, F. 2014. The effects of winter cover crops and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria on some soil fertility aspects and crop yield in an organic production system of Ocimum basilicum L. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research, 11(4): 562-572. (In Persian with English Summary).
Javadi, H., Rezvani Moghadam, P., Seghatoleslami, M. J., and Mosavi, Gh, R. 2017. Effect of Sowing Date and Plant Density on Yield and Yield Components of Common Purslane (Protulaca Oleracea L.). Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research. 15(1): 113-123. (In Persian with English abstract).
Javadi, H., Rezvani Moghaddam, P., Rashed Mohasel, M. H., and Seghatoleslami, M. J. 2019. Effect of fertilizer management on some chemical properties of soil and absorption of nitrogen and phosphorus elements by Purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.). Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research, 17(2), 187-205. (In Persian with English abstract). https://doi.org/10.22067/gsc.v17i2.67458
Khorramdel, S., Koocheki, A., Nassiri Mahallati, M., and Ghorbani, R. 2010. Effect of Biofertilizers on the Yield and Yield Components of Black Cumin (Nigella sativa L.). Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research, 8 (5): 768-776. (In Persian with English abstract).
Kolb, W., and Martin, P.1985. Response of Plant Roots to Inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense and to Application of Indole Acetic Acid. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg, New York.
Koocheki, A., Nasiri Mahallati, M., Moradi, R., and Alizadeh, Y. 2015. Evaluation of yield and nitrogen use efficiency of maize and cotton intercropping under different nitrogen levels. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research, 13 (1): 1-13. (In Persian with English Summary).
Mc Ginnis, M., Cooke, A., Bilderback, T., and Lorscheider, M. 2003. Organic fertilizers for basil treatment production. Acta Horticulturea, 491: 213-218.
Morphy, J., and Riley, J. P. 1962. Phosphorus analysis procedure. In: Methods of soil analysis: part 2, Chemical and Microbiological Properties. Page, A. L. (Ed). 1982. Second Edition. Madison, Wisconsin USA. pp. 413-427.
Ogg, C. L. 1960. Determination of nitrogen by the micro-Kjeldahl method. Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists. 43: 689-693.
Ozturk, A., Caglar, O., and Sahin, F. 2003. Yield response of wheat and barley to inoculation of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria at various levels of nitrogen fertilization. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, 166(2): 262-266.
Piromyou, P., Buranabanyat, B., Tantasawat, P., Tittabutr, P., Boonkerd, N., and Teaumroong, N. 2011. Effect of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) inoculation on microbial community structure in rhizosphere of forage corn cultivated in Thailand. European Journal of Soil Biology, 47: 44-54.
Rahimi, Z., Kafi, M., Nezami, A., and Khozaie, H. R. 2011. Effect of salinity and silicon on some morphophysiologic characters of Purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.). Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 27(3): 359- 374. (In Persian with English abstract).
Rahimzadeh, S., Sohrabi, Y., Heidari, Gh. R., Eivazi, A. R., and Hoseini, S. M. T. 2013. Effect of biofertilizers on macro and micro nutrients uptake and essential oil content in Dracocephalum moldavica L. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research. 11(1): 179-190. (In Persian with English abstract).
Rezvani Moghaddam, P., and Seyyedi, S. M. 2014. The Effects of organic and biological fertilizers on phosphorus and potassium uptake by black seed (Nigella sativa L.). Journal of Horticultural Science. 28(1): 43-53. (In Persian with English abstract).
Rezvani Moghaddam, P., Seyedi, S. M., and Azad, M. 2014. Effects of organic, chemical and biological sources of nitrogen on nitrogen use efficiency in black seed (Nigella sativa L.). Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. 30(2): 260-274. (In Persian with English abstract).
Safikhani, S., Chaichi, M., and Porbabaei, A. 2013. The Effects of different N fertilizers (Chemical, Biological and Integrated) on forage quality of berseem clover in an intercropping system with basil. Iranian Journal of Field Crop Science, 44(2), 237-248. (In Persian with English abstract). https://doi: 10.22059/ijfcs.2013.35113.
Safir, G. R. (editor): 1987. Echophysiology of va mycorrhizal plants. CRC Press. Boca Raton, FL, U.S.A.
Saia, S., Ruisi, P., Garcia-Garrido, J. M., Benitez, E., Amato, G., and Giambalvo, D. 2012. Can arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi enhance plant nitrogen capture from organic matter added to soil? 17 th Nitrogen Workshop. 26-29 Jun, Wexford, Ireland.
Seyyedi, S., Khajeh-Hosseini, M., Rezvani Moghaddam, P., and Shahandeh, H. 2015 a. Relation between the increasing soluble phosphorus and nitrogen uptake and its effects on phosphorus harvest index of black seed. Iranian Journal of Field Crop Science, 46(1), 25-36. (In Persian with English abstract). https://doi: 10.22059/ijfcs.2015.54043.
Seyyedi, S., Rezvani Moghadam, P., and Khaje Hosseini, M. 2015 b. Effects of sulfur, vermicompost + Thiobacilus bacteria on some chemical properties of calcareous soil and phosphorus use efficiency of black seed. Journal of Plant Ecophysiology, 7(22), 205-220. (In Persian with English abstract).
Shabahang, J., Khorramdel, S., Siahmargue, A., Gheshm, R., and Jafari, L. 2014. Evaluation of integrated management of organic manure application and mycorrhiza inoculation on growth criteria, qualitative and essential oil yield of hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis L.) under Mashhad climatic conditions. Agroecology, 6(2), 353-363. https://doi.org/10.22067/jag.v6i2.39374.
Sharpley, A. N., McDowell, R., and Kleinman, P. J. A. 2004. Amounts, forms, and solubility of phosphorus in soils receiving manure. Soil Science Society of America Journal. 68: 2048-2057.
Shata, S. M., Mahmoud, A., and Siam, S. 2007. Improving calcareous soil productivity by integrated effect of intercropping and fertilizer. Recearch Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences, 3(6): 733-739.
Shenoy, V. V., and Kalagudi, G. M. 2005. Enhancing plant phosphorus use efficiency for sustainable cropping. Biotechnology Advances, 23: 501-513.
Singh, M. 2012. Influence of organic mulching and nitrogen application on essential oil yield and nitrogen use efficiency of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.). Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, 59: 273-279.
Smith, F. W. 2002. The phosphate uptake mechanism. Plant and Soil, 245: 105-114.
Soltaninejhad, F., Fallah, S., and Heidari, M. 2013. Effect of different sources and rates of nitrogen fertilizer on the growth and biomass production of purslane (Portulaca oleracea). Journal of Crop Production, 6(3): 125-143. (In Persian with English abstract).
Talgre, L., Lauringson, E., Roostalu, H., and Astover, A. 2009. The effects of green manures on yields and yield quality of spring wheat. Agronomy Research, 7: 1.125-132.
Togay, N., Togay, Y., Cimrin, K. M., and Turan, M. 2008. Effects of rhizobium inoculation, sulfur and phosphorus applications on yield, yield components and nutrient uptakes in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). African Journal of Biotechnology, 7(6): 776-782.
Yang, S. M., Malhi, S. S., Song, J. R., Xiong, Y. C., Yue, W. Y., Lu, L. L., Wang, J. G., and Guo, T.W.2006. Crop yield, nitrogen uptake and nitrate-nitrogen accumulation in soil as affected by 23 annual applications of fertilizer and manure in the rainfed region of Northwestern China. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems. 76: 81-94.
Ying, J., Peng, S., Yang, G., Zhou, N., Visperas, R. M., and Cassman, K. G. 1998. Comparison of high-yield rice in tropical and subtropical environments: II. Nitrogen accumulation and utilization efficiency. Field Crops Research, 57:85-93.
Yusefian Ghahfarokhi, H., Abdali Mashhadi, A., Bakhshandeh, A., Lotfi, A., and Abadi, J. 2015. Evaluation of effect attract moisture substances and organic fertilizers on quality and quantity yield of Purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) in Ahwaz region. Journal of Plant Process and Function. 4(13): 87-96. (In Persian with English abstract).
CAPTCHA Image