پژوهشهای زراعی ایران

پژوهشهای زراعی ایران

اثر گیاه پوششی و فاصله ردیف کاشت روی برخی از خصوصیات خاک، عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد باقلا (Vicia faba L.)-رقم مهتا

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان
سمیه ایری 1
آسیه سیاهمرگویی 1
جاوید قرخلو 1
فاطمه شیخ 2
ابراهیم زینلی 1
فرشید قادری فر 1
1 گروه زراعت، دانشکده تولید گیاهی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، گرگان، ایران
2 بخش زراعی و باغی، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان گلستان، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، گرگان، ایران
10.22067/jcesc.2025.91742.1378
چکیده
به‌منظور بررسی اثر گیاه پوششی و فاصله ردیف روی برخی از خصوصیات خاک، عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد باقلا (Vicia faba L.)، آزمایشی به‌صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار در دو سال زراعی در مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان اجرا شد. عامل اول شامل کاربرد گیاه پوششی در هفت سطح (چاودار (Secale Cereal L.)، جعفری (Petroselinum crispum L.)، شبدر برسیم (Trifolium alexandrinum L.)، ماشک گل‌خوشه‌ای (Vicia villosa L.)، بدون گیاه پوششی همراه با مصرف علف‌کش‌های هالوکسی‌فوپ‌آر‌ متیل استر + بنتازون، بدون گیاه پوششی در شرایط وجین کامل علف‌های هرز و بدون گیاه پوششی در شرایط عدم وجین علف‌های هرز) و عامل دوم شامل فاصله بین ردیف باقلا در سه سطح (37.5، 50 و 62.5 سانتی‌متر) در نظر گرفته شد. نتایج نشان داد که بقایای دو گیاه چاودار و جعفری از پتانسیل مناسب‌تری در مهار علف‌های هرز برخوردار بودند. بیشترین عملکرد دانه در فاصله ردیف 37.5 سانتی‌متر و کمترین آن در فاصله ردیف 62.5 سانتی‌متر مشاهده شد. کمترین عملکرد دانه بعد از تیمار بدون گیاه پوششی در شرایط عدم وجین علف‌های هرز در تیمار ماشک گل خوشه‌ای به‌دست آمد. بیشترین کربن آلی و تنفس میکروبی خاک نیز در تیمار بدون گیاه پوششی در شرایط عدم وجین علف‌های هرز و کمترین آن در تیمارهای بدون گیاه پوششی در شرایط وجین علف‌های هرز مشاهده شد. براساس نتایج این تحقیق، جهت دستیابی به عملکرد مطلوب باقلا -رقم مهتا، کاشت گیاه جعفری در بین فواصل ردیف کاشت 5/37 سانتی‌متر توصیه می‌شود.
کلیدواژه‌ها
تنفس میکروبی
جعفری
خانواده نخود
علف‌کش
کربن آلی خاک
موضوعات

Authors retain the copyright. This is an open access article distributed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0)

  1. Ahmadnia, F., Ebadi, A., Hashemi, M., & Ghavidel, A. (2020). Investigating the short time effect of cover crops on biophysical properties of soil. Journal of Water and Soil Conservation, 26(6), 276-290. (In Persian with English Summary). https://doi.org/10.22069/JWSC.2019.16172.3145.
  2. Ahmed, S. A. A., Messiha, N. K., El-Masry, R. R., & El-Dabaa, M. A. T. (2020). The dual allelopathic capacity of two Brassicaceae plants seed powder in controlling Orobanche crenata infesting Pisum sativum as well as stimulating its growth and yield. Bulletin of the National Research Centre, 44(17), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42269-020-0276-6
  3. Ahmed, S. A., El-Dabaa, M. A. T., Messiha, N. K., El-Masry, R. R., & Dawood, M. G. (2024). The allelopathic influence of the seed powder of Brassica napus (Canola) in controlling Orobanche crenata (broomrape) infesting Pisum sativum (Pea) plants. Journal of Materials and Environmental Science, 15(3), 464-4.
  4. Aghpour, M., Siahmarguee, A., Zeinali, E., Gherekhloo, J., & Kazemi, H. (2019). Investigating the efficiency of various cover crops and their elimination methods on weed populations and yield of maize forage (single-cross 444 variety). Journal of Crop Production, 13(1), 31-50. (In Persian with English Summary) https://doi.org/10.22069/EJCP.2020.16609.2238.
  5. Alharbi, N. H., & AdhikarI, K. N. (2020). Factors of yield determination in faba bean (Vicia faba). Crop and Pasture Science, 71, 305–321. https://doi.org/10.1071/CP19103.
  6. Baei, E., Siahmarguee, A., Gherekhloo, J., & Kazemi, H. (2022). Effect of summer cover crops and row spacing on weed management, yield and its components of faba bean (Vicia faba L.). Journal of Agricultural Sciences and Sustainable Production, 32(4), 35-50. (In Persian with English Summary). https://doi.org/10.22034/SAPS.2021.47570.2724.
  7. Biri, A., Sefera, G., Feyisa, A., Kinati, N., & Bedada, E. (2024). Effect of nps rates and row spacing on production of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) at high-land of north shewa zone of Oromia, Ethiopia. International Journal of Plant and Soil Science, 36(6), 62-74. https://doi.org/10.9734/ijpss/2024/v36i64606
  8. Blanco-Canqui, H., Shaver, T. M., Lindquist, J. L., Shapiro, C. A., Elmore, R. W., Francis, C. A., & Hergert, G. W. (2015). Cover crops and ecosystem services: Insights from studies in temperate soils. Agronomy Journal, 107, 2449e2474. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj15.0086
  9. Brainard, D. C., & Bellinder, R. R. (2004). Weed suppression in a broccoli–winter rye intercropping system. Weed Science, 52, 281-290. https://doi.org/10.1614/WS-03-031R.
  10. Brainard, D. C., Bellinder, R. R., & DiTommaso, A. (2005). Effects of canopy shade on the morphology, phenology, and seed characteristics of Powell amaranth (Amaranthus powellii). Weed Science, 53(2), 175-186. https://doi.org/10.1614/WS-04-067R1
  11. Brennan, E. B., & Smith, R. F. (2005). Winter cover crop growth and weed suppression on the central coast of California. Weed Technology, 19, 1017-1024. https://doi.org/10.1614/WT-04-246R1.1
  12. Brust, J., Claupein, W., & Gerhards, R. (2014). Growth and weed suppression ability of common and new cover crops in Germany. Crop Protection, 63, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2014.04.022
  13. Chu, M., Jagadamma, S., Walker, F. R., Eash, N. S., Buschermohle, M. J., & Duncan, L. A. (2017). Effect of multispecies cover crop mixture on soil properties and crop yield. Agricultural and Environmental Letters, 2, 170030. https://doi.org/10.2134/ael2017.09.0030.
  14. Daba, N. A., & Sharma, J. (2018). Assessment of integrated weed management practices on weed dynamics, yield components and yield of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) in Eastern Ethiopia. Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology, 6(5), 570-580. https://doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v6i5.570-580.1773
  15. Dabney, S. M., Delgado, J. A., Meisinger, J. J., Schomberg, H. H., Liebig, M. A., & Kaspar, T. (2010). Using cover crops and cropping systems for nitrogen management. In J. A. Delgado and R. F. Follett eds. Advances in Nitrogen Management for Water Quality. Soil and Water Conservation Socciety, Ankeny, p. 231-282.
  16. Daramola, O. S., Adeyemi, O. R., Adigun, J. A., & Adejuygbe, C. (2020). Influence of row spacing and weed control methods on weed population dynamics in soybean (Glycine max L.). International Journal of Pest Management, 66(4), 289-297. https://doi.org/10.1080/09670874.2020.1795300
  17. Davis, A. S., & Liebman, M. (2003). Cropping system effects on giant foxtail demography. I. Green manure and tillage timing. Weed Science, 51, 919-929. https://doi.org/10.1614/P2002-133A
  18. De Laune, P. D., Mubvumba, P., Lewis, K. L., & Keeling, J. W. (2019). Rye cover crop impacts soil properties in a longterm cotton system. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 83, 1451-1458. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2019.03.0069
  19. Dhima, K. V., Vasilakoglou, I. B., Gatsis, T. D., PanouPholotheou, E., & Eleftherohorinos, I. G. (2009): Effects of aromatic plants incorporated as green manure on weed and maize development. Field Crops Research, 110, 235-241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2008.09.005
  20. Didehbaz Moghanlo, G., Tobeh, A., Mohammaddoust Chamanabad, H. R., Moharramnejad, S., & Farzaneh, S. (2023). Effect of row spacing and cover crops on weeds and yield of maize (TWC647). Sustainable Agriculture and Production Science, 34(1), 157-169. (In Persian with English Summary). https://doi.org/10.22034/saps.2023.54099.2945
  21. Dilly, O., Nii-Annang, C., Franke, G., Fischer, T., Buegger, F., & Zyakun, A. (2011). Resilience of microbial respiration, respiratory quotient and stable isotope characteristics to soil hydrocarbon addition. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 43, 1808-1811. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2010.09.026
  22. Dorota, G. (2011). Yield and yield structure of spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) growen in monoculture after different stubble crops. Acta Agrobotanica, 64, 91-98. https://doi.org/10.5586/aa.2011.011
  23. Edalat, M., Shahrasbi, S., Kazemeini, S. A., & Emam, Y. (2017). Effect of wheat and barley cover crops on weed control, growth and yield of rapeseed under different nitrogen levels. Journal of Crop Production and Processing, 6(22), 93-105. (In Persian). http://dx.doi.org/10.18869/acadpub.jcpp.6.22.93
  24. El-Dabaa, M. A. T., Ahmed, S. A. A., Messiha, N. K., & El-Masry, R. R. (2019). The allelopathic efficiency of Eruca sativa seed powder in controlling Orobanche crenata infected Vicia faba cultivar. Bulletin of the National Research Centre, 43(37), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42269-019-0079-9
  25. El-Gedwy, E. M., Fadl-Allah, A. M., & Hassanein, A. M. A. (2020). Effect of planting distances and weed control treatments on faba bean yield and associated Weeds. Annals of Agricultural Science, Moshtohor, 58(1), 1-14.
  26. El-Metwally, I. M., Abido, W. A. E., & Tagour, R. M. H. (2017). Influence of plant population and weed control treatments on associated weeds, growth, yield and quality of faba bean. Journal of Plant Production, Mansoura University, 8(10), 983-991.
  27. FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization) (2020). FAOSTAT. http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC.
  28. Gallandt, E. R., Molloy, T., Lynch, R. P., & Drummond, F. A. (2005). Effect of cover-cropping systems on invertebrate seed predation. Weed Science, 53, 69-76. https://doi.org/10.1614/WS-04-095R
  29. Gezahegn, A. M., & Tesfaye, K. (2017). Optimum inter and intra row spacing for faba bean production under Fluvisols. MAYFEB Journal of Agricultural Science, 4(2017), 10-19.
  30. Ghahremani, S., Ebadi, A., Tobeb, A., Hashemi, M., Sedghi, M., & Gholipuri, A. (2021). Short-term effect of winter cover crops on improvement of some soil properties and potato yield. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture and Production Science, 31(3), 71-83. (In Persian with English Summary). https://doi.org/10.22034/saps.2021.13689
  31. Hailu, T., & Ayle, S. (2019). Influence of plant spacing and phosphorus rates on yield related traits and yield of faba bean (Viacia faba L.) in Duna district Hadiya zone, South Ethiopia. Journal of Agriculture and Crops, 5(10), 191-20.
  32. Hamzei, J., & Borbor, A. (2014). Effect of different soil tillage methods and cover crops on yield and yield components of corn and some soil characteristics. Sustainable Agriculture and Production Science, 24, 35-47. (In Persian with English Abstract).
  33. Iri, S., Siahmarguee, A., Zainali, E., & Soltani, A. (2020). Effects of different winter cover crops and their residues on weed control and cotton (Gossipiom hirsutum) yield (Golestan cultivar). Iranian Journal of Cotton Researchers, 8(2), 163-180. (In Persian). https://doi.org/10.22092/ijcr.2021.351858.1154
  34. Jihad, A. J., & Mohammed, Y. A. (2023). Effect of weed control treatments and row spacing on the yield and its components of faba bean and companion weeds. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1213(2023) 012003. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1213/1/012003
  35. Jungers, J. M., Kaiser, D. E., Lamb, J. F., Lamb, J. A., Noland, R. L., Samac, D. A., Wells, S., & Sheaffer, C. C. (2019). Potassium fertilization affects alfalfa forage yield, nutritive value, root traits, and persistence. Agronomy Journal, 111(6), 2843-2852. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2019.01.0011
  36. Karkanis, A., Ntatsi, G., Lepse, L., Fernandez, J. A., Vagen, I. M., Rewald, B., & Savvas, D. (2019). Faba bean cultivation—Revealing novel managing practices for more sustainable and competitive European cropping system. Frontiers in Plant Science, 9, 1115. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2018.01115
  37. Kaspar, T., & Jaynes, D. B. (2006). Examining Changes in soil organic carbon with oat and rye cover crops using terrain covariates. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 70, 1168-1177. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2005.0095
  38. Kebede, M., Sharma, J. J., Tana, T., & Nigatu, L. (2015). Effect of plant spacing and weeding frequency on weed infestation, yield components, and yield of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in Eastern Ethiopia. East African Journal of Sciences, 9(1), 1-14.
  39. Khajenabi, K., Siahmarguee, A., Dadashi, M. R., Alizadeh Dehkordi, P., & Zeinali, E. (2021). Effect of type and planting date of cover crops on weed population structure, morphological characteristics and seed yield of sunflower (Helianthus annus L.). Journal of Agroecology, 12(4), 741-761. (In Persian with English Summary). https://doi.org/10.22067/jag.v13i2.83169
  40. Khazaei, H., Hawkins, G., & Vandenberg, A. (2021). Historical review of faba bean improvement in western Canada. Legume Science Canada, 3(4). e 92. https://doi.org/10.1002/leg3.92
  41. Khojamli, R., Siahmarguee, A., Zeinali, E., & Soltani, A. (2019). Effect of different winter cover crops on the dynamics of weed populations and corn growth (Single 704). Journal of Agroecology, 11(2), 110-132. (In Persian with English Summary). https://doi.org/10.22067/jag.v11i2.78205
  42. Kocira, A., Staniak, M., Tomaszewska, M., Kornas, R., Cymerman, J., Panasiewicz, K., & Lipi´nska, H. (2020). Legume cover crops as one of the elements of strategic weed management and soil quality improvement. A review. Agriculture, 10, 394. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10090394.
  43. Koudahe, K., Allen, S. C., & Djaman, K. (2022). Critical review of the impact of cover crops on soil properties. International Soil and Water Conservation Research, 10(2022), 343-354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iswcr.2022.03.003
  44. Kumar, R., Arya, R. K., Sutalia, J. M., Madan, V. K., & Dahiya, G. S. (2019). Efforts towards identifying superior nutritional quality genotypes of faba bean by chemical analysis. In proceeding. First National Conference on ‘Neglected and Under Utilized Crop Species for Food, Nutrition, Energy and Environment’ held on August 2, 2019 at NIPGR, New Delhi, India, pp. 167.
  45. Li, Z., Sun, X., Pan, J., Wang, T., Li, Y., Li, X., & Hou, S. (2024). Combining no-tillage with hairy vetch return improves production and nitrogen utilization in silage maize. Plants, 13, 2084. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13152084.
  46. Lishan, T., Alemu, W., Wondimu, W., & Mekonnen, G. (2022). Effects of bio-fertiliser and inter -row spacing on yield and yield components of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) in south western Ethiopia. Tropical Agriculture, 99(3), 196-208.
  47. Mardani-Korrani, H., Nakayasu, M., Yamazaki, S., Aoki, Y., Kaida, R., Motobayashi, T., Kobayashi, M., Ohkama-Ohtsu, N., Oikawa, Y., Sugiyama, A., & Fujii, Y. (2021). L-Canavanine, a root exudate from hairy vetch (Vicia villosa) drastically affecting the soil microbial community and metabolite pathways. Frontiers Microbiology, 12, 701796. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.701796.
  48. Martiniello, P. (2011). Cereal–forage rotations effect on biochemical characteristics of topsoil and productivity of the crops in Mediterranean environment. European Journal of Agronomy, 35(4), 193-204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2011.06.002
  49. Masa, M., Tana, T., & Ahmed, A. (2017). Effect of plant spacing on yield and yield related traits of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) varieties at areka, southern Ethiopia. Journal of Plant Biology and Soil Health, 4(2), 1–13, 2017. https://doi.org/10.13188/2331-8996.1000020
  50. Mbuthia, L. W., Acosta-Martínez, V., DeBruyn, J., Schaeffer, S., Tyler, D., Odoi, E., & Eash, N. (2015). Long term tillage, cover crop, and fertilization effects on microbial community structure, activity: Implications for soil quality. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 89, 24-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2015.06.016.
  51. Messiha, N. K., El-Dabaa, M. A. T., El-Masry, R. R., & Ahmed, S. A. A. (2018). The allelopathic influence of Sinapis alba seed powder (white mustard) on the growth and yield of Vicia faba (faba bean) infected with Orobanche crenata (broomrape). Middle East Journal of Applied Sciences, 8(2), 418-425.
  52. Musavi Fakhr, S. K., Fotouhi, F., Khaniani, B. H., Sadeghi, M., & Zadeh, S. A. F. (2020). Effect of planting date and density on yield and yield components of bean genotypes (Vicia faba L.). Legume Research, 43(5), 672-677.
  53. Nelson, D. W., & Sommers, L. E. (1982). Total carbon, organic carbon, and organic matter. In Page, A. L. ed. Methods of Soil Analysis. part 2. Chemical and Microbiological Properties. 2nd Ed. American Society of Agronomy, Inc. and Soil Science Society of America, Inc., Madison. pp. 539–579. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronmonogr9.2.2ed.c29
  54. Nielsen, D. C., Lyon, D. J., Hergert, G. W., Higgins, R. K., Calderon, F. J., & Vigil, M. F. (2020). Cover crop mixtures do not use water differently than single-species plantings. Agronomy Journal, 107, 1025-1038. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj14.0504
  55. Nleya, T., Ball, R. A., & Vandenberg, A. (2005). Germination of common bean under constant and alternating cool temperatures. Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 85(3), 577-585. https://doi.org/10.4141/P04-151
  56. Norris, C. E., & Congreves, K. A. (2018). Alternative management practices improve soil health indices in intensive vegetable cropping systems. A review. Frontier Environment Science, 6, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2018.00050
  57. O’Donovan, T., & Dunne, D. (2021). Establishing high-yielding faba bean. Establishing high-yielding faba bean. Exploiting high yield potential in north-west Europe. Legumes Translated Practice Note, 8. Retrieved from
  58. Rahmaniyan, H. (2018). Study the effect of applying some herbicides on weed control, yield and yield components of faba bean (Vicia faba L(.. M.Sc. Thesis in Agronomy, Weed Science and Head of Plant Protection. Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran.
  59. Raiger, H. L., Yadav, S. K., Arya, R. K., & Phogat, B. S. (2021). Studies on variability and character association for yield and yield related traits in faba bean (Vicia faba). Ekin Journal, 7(2), 125-130.
  60. Rankoth, L. M., Udawatta, R. P., Gantzer, C. J., Jose, S., Veum, K., & Dewanto, H. A. (2019). Cover crops on temporal and spatial variations in soil microbial communities by phospholipid fatty acid profiling. Agronomy Journal, 111, 1693-1703. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2018.12.0789
  61. Reddy, K. N., & Koger, C. H. (2004). Live and killed hairy vetch cover crop effects on weeds and yield in glyphosate-resistant corn. Weed Technology, 18, 835-840. https://doi.org/10.1614/WT-03-228R
  62. Repullo-Ruibérriz de Torres, M. A., Carbonell-Bojollo, R. M., Moreno-García, M., Ordóñez-Fernández, R., & Rodríguez-Lizana, A. (2021). Soil organic matter and nutrient improvement through cover crops in a Mediterranean olive orchard. Soil and Tillage Research, 210, 104977. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2021.104977
  63. Rich, A. M., & Renner, K. A. (2007). Row spacing and seeding rate effects on eastern black nightshade (Solanum ptycanthum) and Soybean. Weed Technology, 21(1), 124-130. https://doi.org/10.1614/WT-04-220.1
  64. Rodino, S., Butu, M., & Butu, A. (2016). Comparative study on allelopathic potential of Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Fuss. Biologie Vegetala, 62(2), 35-40.
  65. Romdhane, S., Spor, A., Busset, H., Falchetto, L., Martin, J., Bizouard, F., Bru, D., Breuil, M. C., Philippot, L., & Cordeau, S. (2019). Cover crop management practices rather than composition of cover crop mixtures affect bacterial communities in no-till agroecosystems. Frontiers in Microbiology, 10, 1618. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2019.01618
  66. Sadeghpour, A., Jahanzad, E., Lithourgidis, A. S., Hashemi, M., Esmaeili, A., & Hosseini, M. B. (2014). Forage yield and quality of barley-annual medic intercrops in semiarid environments. Internatinal Journal of Plant Production, 8, 77-89. (In Persian with English abstract). https://doi.org/10.22069/IJPP.2014.1373
  67. Sadiq, S. M., & Mohammed, A. A. (2022). Response of faba bean to planting distance between plants and spraying with nano and traditional boron. Iraqi Journal of Market Research and Consumer Protection, 14(1), 84-93. https://jmracpc.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/IJMRCP/article/view/281
  68. Saleem, M., Pervaiz, Z. H., Contreras, J., Lindenberger, J. H., Hupp, B. M., Chen, D., Zhang, Q., Wang, C., Iqbal, J., & Twigg, P. (2020). Cover crop diversity improves multiple soil properties via altering root architectural traits. Rhizosphere, 16(100248). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rhisph.2020.100248
  69. Sharma, P., Singh, A., Kahlon, C. S., Brar, A. S., Grover, K. K., Dia, M., & Steiner, R. L. (2018). The role of cover crops towards sustainable soil health and agriculture: A review paper. American Journal of Plant Sciences, 9, 1935. https://doi.org/10.4236/ajps.2018.99140
  70. Smith, R. G., Warren, N. D., & Cordeau, S. (2020). Are cover crop mixtures better at suppressing weeds than cover crop monocultures? Weed Science, 68, 1-33. https://doi.org/10.1017/wsc.2020.12
  71. Soltani, A., & Torabi, B. (2014). Design and Analysis of Agricultural Experiments with the SAS Program. Mashhad University Press, Mashhad, Iran. 440 p. (In Persian)
  72. Sultani, M. I., Gill, M. A., Anwar, M. M., & Athar, M. (2007). Evaluation of soil physical properties as influenced by various green manuring legumes and phosphorus fertilization under rain fed conditions. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 4, 109-118. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03325968
  73. Tamrat, W., Loha, G., & Habte, A. (2019). Effect of plant density on yield components and yield of faba bean (Vicia Faba L.) varieties at wolaita sodo, Southern Ethiopia. Journal of Natural Sciences Research, 9(5), 47-55.
  74. Teasdale, J. R., & Daughtry, C. S. T. (1993). Weed suppression by live and desiccated hairy vetch. Weed Science, 41, 207-212. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0043174500076074
  75. Wallace, J. M., Curran, W. S., & Mortensen, D. A. (2019). Cover crop effects on horseweed (Erigeron canadensis) density and size inequality at the time of herbicide exposure. Weed Science, 67(3), 327-338. https://doi.org/10.1017/wsc.2019.3.
  76. Weisberger, D., Nichols, V., & Liebman, M. (2019). Does diversifying crop rotations suppress weeds? A meta-analysis. Plos One, 14(7), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0219847.
  77. Zaefarian, F. (2009). Ecophysiological response of maize and soybean intercropping to competition of amaranth and datura. Ph.D. Thesis. Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat-Modares University, Tehran, Iran. (In Persian).
  78. Zeinali, E., Soltani, A., Khadempir, M., Tourani, M., & Sheikh, F. (2013). studying the response of yield components, grain and green pod yield of two faba bean cultivars to inter- row spacing in normal and late seeding dates. Journal of Crop Improvement, 15(4), 195-210. (In Persian with English abstract). https://doi.org/10.22059/jci.2013.51376
  79. Zhao, D., Shen, J., Lang, K., Liu, Q., & Li, Q. (2013). Effects of irrigation and wide-precision planting on water use, radiation interception, and seed yield of winter wheat in the North China Plain. Agricultural Water Management, 118, 87-92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2012.11.019
ارسال نظر در مورد این مقاله
نام را وارد کنید.
نشانی پست الکترونیکی را به درستی وارد کنید.
وابستگی سازمانی را به درستی وارد کنید.
توضیحات را وارد کنید (حداقل 50 حرف)
CAPTCHA Image
شناسه امنیتی را به درستی وارد کنید.

  • تاریخ دریافت 01 بهمن 1403
  • تاریخ بازنگری 31 فروردین 1404
  • تاریخ پذیرش 13 اردیبهشت 1404
  • تاریخ اولین انتشار 24 اردیبهشت 1404